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Zinc Overview

Zinc is an essential trace mineral necessary for the proper function of about 300 different enzymes. Therefore, zinc plays a role in virtually all biochemical pathways and physiological processes in the body. Thirty percent of the body’s zinc is stored in the bones and 60% in muscles. The other 10% is found in virtually all body tissues. Zinc is important for wound healing; immune system support; to reduce length and severity of colds (in lozenge form); to support a healthy prostate gland (prevents benign prostatic hyperplasia – BPH); and to increase fertility (sperm production). It also assists digestion, energy production, growth, cellular repair, collagen synthesis, bone strength, cognitive function, and carbohydrate metabolism (glucose utilization and insulin production). Even mild zinc deficiency has been associated with depressed immunity, decreased sperm count and impaired memory.

Dietary Sources: The richest dietary sources of zinc are seafood (especially oysters), meat, fish, eggs, and poultry.

Dosage: The RDA for zinc is 15mg per day. As therapy for colds, however, higher levels are required – with levels in the range of 13-23mg (in lozenge form) taken every 2 hours for no more than 2 weeks effective for reducing duration and severity of cold symptoms.

Side Effects: The short-term use of zinc at therapeutic doses for cold relief (see below) is assumed to safe and chronic supplementation with zinc at levels 2-3 times the current RDA should not be expected to pose any significant adverse side effects. However, high doses of zinc are not recommended for periods of more than two weeks due to interference with copper absorption. High doses of zinc (gram levels) can cause nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.

(Source: www.supplementwatch.com)

Research Overview

Deficiency in zinc has been shown to contribute to:
1. Hypogonadism
2. Testicular dysfunction
3. Atrophy of testes
4. Decreased sperm motility
5. Decreased sperm count
6. Sperm cell death
7. Unwanted weight loss
8. Impaired taste functioning
9. Poor appetite
10. Dermatitis
11. Acrodermatitis enteropathica
12. Alopecia
13. Night blindness
14. Delayed wound healing
15. Diarrhea
16. Delays in cognitive development
17. Impaired memory
18. Impaired capacity to learn
19. Decreased activity levels
20. Decreased attention performance
21. Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases
22. Juvenile and adolescent growth delays
23. Delayed puberty
24. Stunted brain and body growth
25. Stunted organ growth
26. Tinnitus
27. Dwarfism
28. Bone mineral loss and osteoporosis
29. Impaired immune functioning
30. Impaired platelet aggregation
31. Reduction in natural killer cell activity
32. Impaired female reproductive processes
33. Decreased growth hormone production
34. Higher risk of esophageal cancer
35. Adverse lymphocyte production and maturity
36. Insulin resistance
37. Weakened thyroid hormone metabolism
38. Atrophy of thyroid gland
39. Decreased basal metabolic rates
40. Potentially increase neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s and Down’s Syndrome

Zinc supplementation was found to:
1. Enhance efficacy of interferon therapy in Hepatitis C
2. Improve bacterial prostatitis
3. Prevent hepatic encephalopathy
4. Prevent alcohol induced liver damage
5. Prevent esophageal cancer
6. Improve night vision
7. Work synergistically with vitamin A
8. Improve halitosis
9. Reduce plaque buildup in teeth
10. Reduce duration and severity of the common cold
11. Reduce incidence of pneumonia when taken with vitamin A
12. Reduce severity and duration of chronic diarrhea
13. Prevents damage from mercury exposure
14. Reduce anxiety and depression
15. Increase weight gain in anorexia nervosa
16. Increase weight gain and growth in children with sickle cell disease
17. Improve thyroid function
18. Enhance efficacy of thyroid hormone supplementation
19. Improve immune function
20. Decrease oxidative stress
21. Enhance efficacy of tuberculosis treatment when combined with vitamin A
22. Decrease blood glucose levels
23. Inhibit the development of Type I diabetes
24. Improve libido
25. Increase sperm count
26. Increase frequency of sexual intercourse
27. Treat delayed adolescent sexual development
28. Treat hypogonadism
29. Treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis
30. Improve tinnitus
31. Treat Alzheimer’s disease
32. Act as a topical antioxidant
33. Improve neurological recover in brain injury
34. Protect cells from drug toxicity (AZT)
35. Reduce incidence of infection in AIDS
36. Treat dandruff
37. Potentially reduce incidence and severity of fetal alcohol syndrome
38. Improve liver function in alcoholic cirrhosis
39. Reduce inflammation and promotes stomach ulcer healing
40. Improve wound healing
41. Reduce bone loss in osteoporosis

Zinc Abstracts (91)

Zinc Citations (1000)

Zinc: 91 Research Abstracts

Acne

1. Endotoxin-induced changes in copper and zinc metabolism in the Syrian hamster.

Etzel KR, Swerdel MR, Swerdel JN, Cousins RJ

J Nutr 1982 Dec;112(12):2363-73

The temporal response of zinc and copper metabolism to endotoxin administration was examined in Syrian hamsters over a 144-hour period. Serum copper was significantly elevated at 12, 24 and 72 hours after endotoxin, whereas serum zinc was reduced 4-48 hours after treatment. A brief elevation (8 hours) in liver copper concentration and a sustained (72 hours) increase in liver zinc concentration were also observed. The amount of zinc associated with liver metallothionein (MT) progressively increased with time, to a plateau by 24 hours and persisted at the elevated level until 72 hours after endotoxin treatment. In vitro translation of poly (A)+ RNA from liver polyribosomes showed that following endotoxin treatment MTmRNA activity was maximally elevated 6 hours after endotoxin administration and remained elevated 24 and 48 hours thereafter. Slab gel electrophoresis of serum proteins indicated changes in a stainable protein comigrating with purified ceruloplasmin after endotoxin administration. Pooled gingival tissue from endotoxin-treated hamsters demonstrated a consistently elevated copper content 12-144 hours after treatment. Endotoxin isolated from Bacteroides melaninogenicus was more effective in elevating gingival and serum copper and gingival zinc than Escherichia coli endotoxin. It was concluded that endotoxin administration elicits responses that result in enhanced metaollthionein mRNA activity. In addition, Cu and Zn concentrations in serum, liver and gingival tissue are influenced by different endotoxins to different degrees.

2. [Current aspects about the role of zinc in nutrition]. [Article in French]

Favier A Groupe de recherche sur les pathologies oxydatives, Universite de Grenoble, La Tronche.

Rev Prat 1993 Jan 15;43(2):146-51

The role played by zinc in biology is now better known, and numerous biochemical mechanisms, such as immunity or actions on several hormones and more than 200 enzymes, have proved to be zinc-dependent. Thus, many functions are disturbed when this trace metal is deficient, including, for example, taste and appetite, cell multiplication, growth, pregnancy, fertility, defence against bacteria and brain functions. Zinc intake has been found to be unexcessive and indeed, at the limit of sufficiency in the French population. Groups at risk, such as neonates, growing children, pregnant women and elderly people, should have a higher zinc intake provided by dietary measures or supplementation. Zinc supplementation has been shown to exert a beneficial effect in randomized studies concerning children's growth, acne, old people's immunity or low female fertility. Such supplementation must be balanced and given in moderate doses since zinc interacts with other foodstuffs, and an excess of zinc can be as bad as its deficiency in our nutrition.

3. Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne.

Michaelsson G, Juhlin L, Vahlquist A

Arch Dermatol 1977 Jan;113(1):31-6

The effects of oral zinc sulfate (corresponding to 135 mg of zinc daily) alone and in combination with vitamin A (300,000 international units) daily on acne lesions have been compared with those of vitamin A alone and of a placebo. The number of comedones, papules, pustules, and infiltrates were counted at each visit. After four weeks, there was a significant decrease in the number of papules, pustules, and infiltrates in the zinc-treated groups. The effect of zinc plus vitamin A was not better than zinc alone. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean acne score had decreased from 100% to 15%. The mechanism for the effect of zinc therapy in acne, to our knowledge, is not presently known.

4. Serum zinc and retinol-binding protein in acne.

Michaelsson G, Vahlquist A, Juhlin L

Br J Dermatol 1977 Mar;96(3):283-6

The serum levels of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been determined in 173 patients with acne and compared with those of a control group. The RBP is a specific transport protein and its level in plasma reflects the amount of vitamin A available to the tissues. Patients with severe acne were found to have lower levels of RBP than either patients with mild acne or healthy subjects of the same age. In the case of males with severe acne, the mean serum zinc level was significantly lower than that of the control group. No such difference was observed for girls. The observed condition of low levels of zinc and vitamin A in the serum of patients with severe acne may provide a rationale for the clinically good effect of oral zinc treatment.

5. A double-blind study of the effect of zinc and oxytetracycline in acne vulgaris.

Michaelsson G, Juhlin L, Ljunghall K

Br J Dermatol 1977 Nov;97(5):561-6

With a double-blind technique, the effects of oral zinc and tetracyclines were compared in 37 patients with moderate and severe acne. No difference in effect between the treatments was seen and no side-effects were noted in any group. After 12 weeks of treatment, the average decrease in the acne score was about 70% in both groups.

6. A double-blind controlled evaluation of the sebosuppressive activity of topical erythromycin-zinc complex.

Pierard-Franchimont C, Goffin V, Visser JN, Jacoby H, Pierard GE Department of Dermatopathology, University of Liege, Belgium.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49(1-2):57-60

In a double-blind randomised study, 14 volunteers applied 4% erythromycin plus 1.2% zinc (Zineryt lotion) and 4% erythromycin lotions, each on half of the forehead twice daily for 3 months. The sebum output was evaluated at 3-week intervals using the photometric and the lipid-sensitive film methods. Evaluations of casual level (CL) and sebum excretion rate (SER) were made with a Sebumeter, and total area of lipid spots (TAS) was measured on Sebutapes. Compared to baseline values, the formulation of the erythromycin-zinc complex induced significant reductions in SER after 6 and 9 weeks, and in CL and TAS at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. The mean reduction in TAS was over 20% for four successive 1-h samplings on completion of the study. Significant reductions in CL, SER and TAS were observed for the erythromycin-zinc formulation compared to the control lotion at 6 and 9 weeks, and also at 3 weeks for SER and TAS, and at 12 weeks for CL and TAS. This study indicates that sebum output is significantly reduced by the erythromycin-zinc complex. This reduction is theoretically beneficial for the acneic patient.

7. Zinc sulfate in acne vulgaris.

Weimar VM, Puhl SC, Smith WH, tenBroeke JE

Arch Dermatol 1978 Dec;114(12):1776-8

The effects of orally administered zinc sulfate in 52 patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were compared to those of a placebo capsule. The numbers of comedones, papules, pustules, infiltrates, and cysts were counted at each visit over a 12-week period. Forty patients completed the study. Zinc appeared to have a somewhat beneficial effect on pustules but not on comedones, papules, infiltrates, or cysts. Fourteen patients (50%) in the zinc group had side effects of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Six patients (21%) in the zinc group could not tolerate the nausea and withdrew from the study.

8. Inhibition of erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients by topical erythromycin with and without zinc.

Bojar RA, Eady EA, Jones CE, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds, U.K.

Br J Dermatol 1994 Mar;130(3):329-36

Propionibacteria resistant to high concentrations of erythromycin [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) > or = 0.5 mg/ml] are now commonly isolated from the skin of antibiotic-treated acne patients. This double-blind study was carried out to assess the ability of 4% w/v erythromycin with and without 1.2% w/v zinc acetate to reduce the numbers of erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria in vivo, and also to monitor the acquisition of resistant strains de novo during therapy. Under laboratory conditions, erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria were shown to be as sensitive to zinc acetate as fully sensitive strains. In vivo, the erythromycin/zinc complex and erythromycin alone produced highly significant reductions in total propionibacteria (P < 0.001) and in the number of erythromycin-resistant strains (P < 0.001 at 8 weeks). After 12 weeks, resistant propionibacteria were reacquired, or acquired de novo, by three patients treated with erythromycin alone and four patients treated with the erythromycin/zinc complex. In contrast, changes in numbers of Micrococcaceae were slight and, after 12 weeks, erythromycin-resistant strains were predominant in both treatment groups. In vitro MIC determinations suggested that this finding might be explained by the exceptionally high degree of erythromycin resistance displayed by some staphylococcal strains (MIC > 4 mg/ml) and by the relative insensitivity of all staphylococcal strains to zinc acetate. Erythromycin with and without zinc was clinically effective, and both preparations produced significant reductions in acne grade, and inflamed and non-inflamed lesion counts (P < 0.001).

9. Endotoxin-induced changes in copper and zinc metabolism in the Syrian hamster.

Etzel KR, Swerdel MR, Swerdel JN, Cousins RJ

J Nutr 1982 Dec;112(12):2363-73

10. [Current aspects about the role of zinc in nutrition]. [Article in French]

Favier A Groupe de recherche sur les pathologies oxydatives, Universite de Grenoble, La Tronche.

Rev Prat 1993 Jan 15;43(2):146-51

11. Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne.

Michaelsson G, Juhlin L, Vahlquist A

Arch Dermatol 1977 Jan;113(1):31-6

12. Serum zinc and retinol-binding protein in acne.

Michaelsson G, Vahlquist A, Juhlin L

Br J Dermatol 1977 Mar;96(3):283-6

13. A double-blind controlled evaluation of the sebosuppressive activity of topical erythromycin-zinc complex.

Pierard-Franchimont C, Goffin V, Visser JN, Jacoby H, Pierard GE Department of Dermatopathology, University of Liege, Belgium.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49(1-2):57-60

ADD – ADHD

14. Does zinc moderate essential fatty acid and amphetamine treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Arnold LE, Pinkham SM, Votolato N. Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. Arnold.6@osu.edu

J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2000 SUMMMER;10(2):111-7

Zinc is an important co-factor for metabolism relevant to neurotransmitters, fatty acids, prostaglandins, and melatonin, and indirectly affects dopamine metabolism, believed intimately involved in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To explore the relationship of zinc nutrition to essential fatty acid supplement and stimulant effects in treatment of ADHD, we re-analyzed data from an 18-subject double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover treatment comparison of d-amphetamine and Efamol (evening primrose oil, rich in gamma-linolenic acid). Subjects were categorized as zinc-adequate (n = 5), borderline zinc (n = 5), and zinc-deficient (n = 8) by hair, red cell, and urine zinc levels; for each category, placebo-active difference means were calculated on teachers' ratings. Placebo-controlled d-amphetamine response appeared linear with zinc nutrition, but the relationship of Efamol response to zinc appeared U-shaped; Efamol benefit was evident only with borderline zinc. Placebo-controlled effect size (Cohen's d) for both treatments ranged up to 1.5 for borderline zinc and dropped to 0.3-0.7 with mild zinc deficiency. If upheld by prospective research, this post-hoc exploration suggests that zinc nutrition may be important for treatment of ADHD even by pharmacotherapy, and if Efamol benefits ADHD, it likely does so by improving or compensating for borderline zinc nutrition.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

15. Emerging concepts of neurohumoral modulation in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Mulder P, Thuillez Ch. INSERM E9920, IFRMP No. 23, Rouen University Medical School, France. paul.mulder@univ-rouen.fr

Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2002 Sep;95(9):821-6.

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), endothelin (ET) converting enzyme (ECE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) are all zinc-metallopeptidases expressed in almost all the organs, such as heart, vessels and kidneys. While ACE and ECE are respectively involved in the transformation of angiotensin I and Big-ET into angiotensin II and ET-1 respectively, which possess vasoconstrictor and mitogenic properties, NEP is involved in the degradation of atrial natriuric factor (ANF), which possesses vasorelaxant, diuretic/natriuretic and antihypertrophic properties. These three systems are activated in heart failure and modulate the progression of heart failure. This article will discuss preliminary date concerning simultaneous inhibition of ACE, ECE and/or NEP and their therapeutic potential interest in the treatment of heart failure.

16. Magnesium and zinc status in survivors of sudden unexplained death syndrome in northeast Thailand.

Pansin P, Wathanavaha A, Tosukhowong P, Sriboonlue P, Tungsanga K, Dissayabutr T, Tosukhowong T, Sitprija V. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 Mar;33(1):172-9.

Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome (SUDS) is a major health problem in rural residents of Northeast Thailand. The cause of death in SUDS is suspected to be cardiovascular abnormalities. As magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) deficiency contribute significantly to several cardiovascular diseases, we investigated the Mg- and Zn-status of patients with sudden respiratory distress and cardiac arrest who had survived resuscitation attempts or a near-SUDS episode (N-SUDS). The following subjects were enrolled: 12 N-SUDS inhabitants of rural Northeast Thailand (rural group 1, R1), 13 rural villagers with no past history of N-SUDS (rural group 2, R2), 15 urban Northeasterners (urban group 1, U1); 13 Bangkokians (urban group 2, U2). All subjects were free of structural heart disease. Magnesium and zinc were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of samples of plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and 24-hour urine. The mean levels of magnesium in the RBC, WBC, and 24-hour urine of N-SUDS patients (R1) were significantly lower than those of the urban groups (U1 and U2), while the plasma levels did not show any differences. When comparing the Zn-status of R1 with that of the urban groups (U1 and U2), the plasma, RBC, and WBC levels were found to be significantly lower in R1 (except for the RBC-Zn of the U1 group), while the 24-hour urine levels was higher. Although the magnesium and zinc parameters were not significantly different between the rural groups R1 and R2, the prevalence of hypomagnesuria (<2.2 mmol/day), hypozincemia (<9.7 micromol/l), and hyperzincuria (>10.7 micromol/day) was higher in the R1 group. These findings suggest that the homeostasis of both magnesium and zinc is altered in N-SUDS patients. Similar alterations, to a lesser degree, were observed in those people living in the same rural environment (R2).

17. Analysis of ionic ratios in myocardial tissue and their relation to cardiac damage.

Torres MC, Osuna E, Perez-Carceles MD, Gomez-Zapata M, Luna A. Institute of Forensic Medicine of Murcia, Spain.

Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2002 Jun;23(2):155-8.

The authors evaluated the usefulness of the postmortem biochemical analysis of ionic ratios in different parts of the heart and their relation to cardiac damage caused by chest trauma, as observed by anatomopathologic study. Fifty-nine 59 cases were studied, selected from routine necropsies, and samples were taken from different sites of cardiac tissue. The cause of death was trauma in 40 cases and nontraumatic causes in 19 cases. The object of this study was to analyze the levels of Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, and Zn+2 in different zones of the heart, and the relationship between intracellular and extracellular ion ratios and the different causes of death and any anatomopathologic alterations observed. The biochemical tests revealed a possible relation between the ionic values and cause of death. Alterations in cell membrane permeability and corresponding modification of the ionic ratios were produced earlier than histologic alterations, which need longer to establish themselves whether or not they follow a traumatic process.

18. Influence of zinc on cardiac and serum biochemical parameters in rabbits.

Bhaskar M, Madhuri E, Abdul Latheef SA, Subramanyam G. Department of Zoology, S.V. University Post Graduate Centre, Kavali, India.

Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Nov;39(11):1170-2.

The pattern of lipid profiles and organic constituents of cardiac and serum tissues of rabbits were studied on treatment with cholesterol, zinc and zinc + cholesterol. Total carbohydrate and total protein levels were decreased with elevated lipid levels in cholesterol fed rabbits. However, the zinc and cholesterol + zinc fed rabbits showed decreased lipid fractions in cardiac and serum tissues leading to reduced atherosclerotic process in rabbits. These results suggest that the zinc is acting as a hypolipidaemic and anti atherogenic agent in experimental rabbits.

19. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the endothelin system in patients with chronic heart failure.

Krum H, Denver R, Tzanidis A, Martin P. Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Dept of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine/Department of Medicine, Monash University/Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia. henry.krum@med.monash.edu.au

Heart Fail Rev. 2001 Dec;6(4):341-52.

There is now considerable evidence to support a role for the endothelin (ET) system in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). As such, the potential exists for this system to be useful in both diagnosis (by measurement of peptide levels in plasma and other body fluids) and treatment (by pharmacological blockade) of this condition.Plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) are elevated in CHF and the magnitude of elevation correlates with disease severity. ET-1 levels in plasma predict subsequent mortality in patients with CHF. ET-1 may also contribute to symptoms associated with CHF, such as exercise intolerance. In the diagnosis of CHF, plasma levels of ET-1 appear to be a less powerful discriminator between patients with mild disease and control subjects with normal ventricular function on multivariate analyses, compared to brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), or its N-terminal fragment. ET-1 concentrations are also elevated in the saliva of patients with CHF and may represent an alternative approach to assessment of the status of the ET system in these patients.Specific ET receptor antagonists (both mixed and ET(A)-selective) have been developed. Studies with these agents in animal models of CHF have demonstrated beneficial effects via both haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic pathways. A number of short-term clinical studies have been performed demonstrating improvements in haemodynamic parameters without neurohormonal activation. Long-term clinical studies with ET receptor antagonists are currently underway to definitively test the impact of blockade of this system on mortality and major cardiovascular endpoints. Endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors represent an alternative strategy of ET blockade, and early data from animal models suggest these agents may be of clinical utility, either alone or, more likely, in combination with other zinc metallopeptidases.

20. Antioxidant status in cerebrovascular accident.

Kocaturk PA, Akbostanci MC, Isikay C, Ocal A, Tuncel D, Kavas GO, Mutluer N. Departments of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Sihhiye, Turkey.

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 May;80(2):115-24.

Ischemia is associated with the pathological changes caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) in cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The aim of this study was to determine red cell copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and catalase activities and copper and zinc concentrations both in plasma and in red cells in CVA. Cu/Zn-SOD and catalase activities of 16 patients, with an average age of 64 yr, were measured spectrophotometrically; copper and zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that Cu/Zn-SOD activity was increased markedly in patients compared to the young controls and reached a peak on the d 5 of the disease, whereas the catalase activity of the patients on d 3 and d 5 were in the normal range, but higher on d 10. The enzyme activities of the elderly group were generally increased compared to the young controls. Copper and zinc concentrations showed corresponding alterations. These findings suggested that the effects of oxidative stress in CVA might be reflected in red cell and plasma parameters.

21. Nutritional factors in the pathobiology of human essential hypertension.

Das UN. EFA Sciences LLC, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, USA. undurti@hotmail.com

Nutrition. 2001 Apr;17(4):337-46.

Endothelial cells produce vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances. Dietary factors such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, vitamins A, C, and E, and essential fatty acids and their products such as eicosanoids can influence blood pressure, cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases, and concentrations of blood lipids and atherosclerosis. There might be a close interaction between these dietary factors, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the metabolism of essential fatty acids, nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelium in human essential hypertension. A deficiency in any one factor, dietary or endogenous, or alterations in their interactions with each other, can lead to endothelial dysfunction and development of hypertension. Therefore, alterations in the metabolism of essential fatty acids might be a predisposing factor to the development of essential hypertension and insulin resistance.

22. Cardiovascular risk factors in relation to the serum concentrations of copper and zinc: epidemiological study on children and adolescents in the Spanish province of Navarra.

Elcarte Lopez T, Villa Elizaga I, Gost Garde JI, Elcarte Lopez R, Martin Perez A, Navascues Pujada J, Navarro Blasco I, Aparicio Madre MI. Primary Health Care Center, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.

Acta Paediatr. 1997 Mar;86(3):248-53.

This investigation was carried out to show the possible association between groups of children with extreme values of copper and zinc concentrations and cardiovascular risk indicators. Serum copper and zinc concentrations were analysed in a group of 3887 children from Navarra, Spain (both sexes. aged 4-17 years). Hypertension, unfavourable serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios), and degree of adiposity (weight, height, subcutaneous skinfolds, Quetelet's index and mean of subcutaneous skinfolds) were evaluated. Positive correlation was found between several lipid parameters and copper and zinc concentrations, i.e. degree of correlation related with age, except for copper/HDL and triglycerides/zinc ratios, where correlation remained negative at all points. Copper levels were correlated with adiposity parameters in an age-dependent fashion (Quetelet's index: r = 0.01 for ages 4-7 years to r = 0.10, p < 0.01 for ages 14-17 years; mean skinfold thickness: r = 0.05 for ages 4-7 years up to r = 0.18, p < 0.01 for ages 14-17 years). Most correlations between lipid parameters and copper and zinc are markedly amplified if adiposity parameters are taken into account. However, the only significant association was the established relation between high copper concentrations (> x + 2SD) and unfavourable serum lipid profile(LDL/HDL > 2.2).

23. Serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc and risk of cardiovascular death.

Reunanen A; Knekt P; Marniemi J; Maki J; Maatela J; Aromaa A National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.

Eur J Clin Nutr (England) Jul 1996, 50 (7) p431-7

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc concentrations with cardiovascular mortality. DESIGN: A nested case-control study within a prospective population study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 230 men dying from cardiovascular diseases and 298 controls matched for age, place of residence, smoking and follow-up time. Mean follow-up time was 10 years. Serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc concentrations were determined from samples kept frozen at -20 degrees C. RESULTS: High serum copper and low serum zinc concentrations were significantly associated with an increased mortality from all cardiovascular diseases and from coronary heart disease in particular. The relative risk of coronary heart disease mortality between the highest and lowest tertiles of serum copper and zinc were 2.86 (P = 0.03) and 0.69 (P = 0.04), respectively. Adjustment for social class, serum cholesterol, body mass index, hypertension and known heart disease at baseline examination did not materially alter the results. No significant differences were observed in concentrations of serum calcium and magnesium between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper and low serum zinc are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality whereas no association was found with serum calcium and magnesium and mortality risk.

COMMON COLD

24. Zinc lozenges reduce the duration of common cold symptoms.

ANON [No Authors Listed]

Nutr Rev (United States) Mar 1997, 55 (3) p82-5

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial has shown that treatment of the common cold with zinc gluconate lozenges resulted in a significant reduction in duration of symptoms of the cold. Patients received zinc-containing lozenges or placebo lozenges every 2 hours for the duration of cold symptoms. The median time to complete resolution of cold symptoms was 4.4 days in the zinc group compared with 7.6 days in the placebo group. The mechanism of action of zinc in treating the common cold remains unknown. (13 Refs.)

25. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Mossad SB; Macknin ML; Medendorp SV; Mason P Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA.

Ann Intern Med (United States) Jul 15 1996, 125 (2) p81-8, Comment in Ann Intern Med 1996 Jul 15;125(2):142-4

BACKGROUND. The common cold is one of the most frequent human illnesses and is responsible for substantial morbidity and economic loss. No consistently effective therapy for the common cold has been well documented, but evidence suggests that several possible mechanisms may make zinc an effective treatment. OBJECTIVE. To test the efficacy of zinc gluconate lozenges in reducing the duration of symptoms caused by the common cold. DESIGN. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING. Outpatient department of a large tertiary care center. PATIENTS. 100 employees of the Cleveland Clinic who developed symptoms of the common cold within 24 hours before enrollment. INTERVENTION. Patients in the zinc group (n = 50) received lozenges (one lozenge every 2 hours while awake) containing 13.3 mg of zinc from zinc gluconate as long as they had cold symptoms. Patients in the placebo group (n = 50) received similarly administered lozenges that contained 5% calcium lactate pentahydrate instead of zinc gluconate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Subjective daily symptom scores for cough, headache, hoarseness, muscle ache, nasal drainage, nasal congestion, scratchy throat, sore throat, sneezing, and fever (assessed by oral temperature). RESULTS. The time to complete resolution of symptoms was significantly shorter in the zinc group than in the placebo group (median, 4.4 days compared with 7.6 days; P < 0.001). The zinc group had significantly fewer days with coughing (median, 2.0 days compared with 4.5 days; P = 0.04), headache (2.0 days and 3.0 days; P = 0.02), hoarseness (2.0 days and 3.0 days; P = 0.02), nasal congestion (4.0 days and 6.0 days; P = 0.002), nasal drainage (4.0 days and 7.0 days; P < 0.001), and sore throat (1.0 day and 3.0 days; P < 0.001). The groups did not differ significantly in the resolution of fever, muscle ache, scratchy throat, or sneezing. More patients in the zinc group than in the placebo group had side effects (90% compared with 62%; P < 0.001), nausea (20% compared with 4%; P = 0.02), and bad-taste reactions (80% compared with 30%; P < 0.001), CONCLUSION. Zinc gluconate in the form and dosage studied significantly reduced the duration of symptoms of the common cold. The mechanism of action of this substance in treating the common cold remains unknown. Individual patients must decide whether the possible beneficial effects of zinc gluconate on cold symptoms outweigh the possible adverse effects.

DIABETES

26. Decreased serum magnesium and zinc levels: atherogenic implications in type-2 diabetes mellitus in Nigerians.

Anetor JI, Senjobi A, Ajose OA, Agbedana EO. Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Nutr Health. 2002;16(4):291-300.

Serum magnesium, zinc and total cholesterol were evaluated in 40 Nigerian patients suffering from type-2 diabetes mellitus (21M, 19F) and 20 (14M, 6F) apparently normal non diabetic control subjects. The mean age of the diabetic patients was similar to that of controls (p > 0.05). The mean duration of the disease was (4.7 + 0.7 SEM) in these patients. Fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol were significantly higher in diabetics than in non diabetic control subjects (p > 0.001). The serum total cholesterol showed inter-group variation when the patients were classified into four different age groups. In contrast, the serum level of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) were significantly lower in diabetics than in controls (p > 0.001). There were no significant correlation between glucose and the minerals, Mg. and Zn. Serum total cholesterol showed a significant positive correlation with magnesium (r = 0.6: p > 0.001), while the correlation with zinc was not significant. In type-2 diabetic mellitus the concentration of both Mg and Zn levels were significantly reduced, probably suggesting lower antioxidant status in this condition. The implication is the greater susceptibility to LDL-cholesterol oxidation. The attendant risk of development of premature Coronary Heart Disease is discussed. Magnesium and zinc are nutritional minerals that play crucial roles in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

27. Dietary zinc supplementation inhibits NFkappaB activation and protects against chemically induced diabetes in CD1 mice.

Ho E, Quan N, Tsai YH, Lai W, Bray TM. Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.

Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001 Feb;226(2):103-11

Zinc status in patients with Type I diabetes is significantly lower than healthy controls. Whether zinc supplementation can prevent the onset of Type I diabetes is unknown. Recent studies have suggested that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a cause of beta cell death leading to Type I diabetes. In addition, we found that activation of NFkappaB (a ROS-sensitive transcription factor that regulates immune responses) may be the key cellular process that bridges oxidative stress and the death of beta cells. Zinc is a known antioxidant in the immune system. Therefore, this study is designed to test whether an increase in dietary zinc can prevent the onset of Type I diabetes by blocking NFkappaB activation in the pancreas. The results show that high zinc intake significantly reduced the severity of Type I diabetes (based on hyperglycemia, insulin level, and islet morphology) in alloxan and streptozotocin-induced diabetic models. Zinc supplementation also inhibited NFkappaB activation and decreased the expression of inducible NO synthase, a downstream target gene of NFkappaB. It is concluded that zinc supplementation can significantly inhibit the development of Type I diabetes. The ability of zinc to modulate NFkappaB activation in the diabetogenic pathway may be the key mechanism for zinc's protective effect. Inhibition of the NFkappaB pathway may prove to be an important criterion for choosing nutritional strategies for Type I diabetes prevention.

28. Oral zinc therapy in diabetic neuropathy.

Gupta R, Garg VK, Mathur DK, Goyal RK. Dept. of Medicine, JLN Medical College and Associated Group of Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan-305 001.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 Nov;46(11):939-42.

The present double blind randomized study was conducted on 50 subjects; 20 age and sex matched healthy controls (Group--I); 15 patients of diabetes mellitus with neuropathy who received placebo for 6 weeks (Group--IIA); and 15 patients of diabetes mellitus with neuropathy who were given supplemental zinc sulphate (660 mg) for 6 weeks (Group--IIB). Serum zinc level, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and post prandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were estimated on day 0 and after 6 weeks in all subjects. Serum zinc levels were significantly low (p < 0.001) in group IIA and IIB as compared to healthy controls (Group--I) at baseline. After 6 weeks the change in pre and post therapy values of FBS, PPBS and MNCV (median and common peroneal nerve) were highly significant (P = < 0.001) for group IIB alone with insignificant change (P = > 0.05) in group IIA. No improvement (P = > 0.05) in autonomic dysfunction was observed in either groups. Therefore, oral zinc supplementation helps in achieving better glycemic control and improvement in severity of peripheral neuropathy as assessed by MNCV.

29. [Low zinc levels in metabolic X syndrome (mzX) patients measured by hair zinc composition analysis] [Article in Polish]

Lukasiak J, Cajzer D, Dabrowska E, Falkiewicz B. Pracownia Analizy Instrumentalnej, Katedra Chemii Fizycznej AM w Gdansku.

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 1998;49(2):241-4.

The hair zinc content in 16 patients with metabolic X syndrome (mzX) was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry method. The mean concentration (125.13 mg/kg) was lower than in the majority of other published studies. The differences among groups of patients with different sex or diseases (e.g. coronary heart disease, hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus) were not significant. It seems to be probably that deficiency of zinc plays a role in pathogenesis of mzX or that it is a consequence of mzX.

30. [Influence of insufficient zinc on immune functions in NIDDM patients] [Article in Chinese]

Wang P, Yang Z. Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Medical University, Changsha.

Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1998;23(6):599-601.

The serum zinc level and immune functions were analyzed in 34 patients with NIDDM before and after the treatment with zinc gluconate supplement during conventional therapy (after the blood glucose level stabilization). The results showed that before treatment the level of serum zinc and red cell C3b receptor rosette(RBCK-C3b RR), T-lymphocyte subgroup CD3, CD4, and CD4/CD8 were decreased(P < 0.01), while CD8, red cell immune complex rosette(RBC-ICR) were increased. After treatment with zinc gluconate for 1 month the serum zinc level, RBC-C3b RR, RBC-ICR, CD3 and CD4/CD8 became normal, CD8 also approached to normal. All the above figures were significantly different before and after zinc therapy. The data showed that various degrees of lowering of serum zinc and abnormal immune functions were present during the conventional antidiabetic therapy. Thus, zinc supplement should be used as an important adjunctive therapy for NIDDM patients.

31. Hyperzincuria in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: concurrent zinc status and the effect of high-dose zinc supplementation.

Cunningham JJ, Fu A, Mearkle PL, Brown RG. Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-1420.

Metabolism 1994 Dec;43(12):1558-62

The urinary excretion of zinc in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is approximately doubled. In the absence of a compensatory mechanism, this hyperzincuria should induce a deficient or marginal Zn status. We examined parameters of Zn status in plasma and in blood cells with respect to urinary Zn losses and Zn supplementation. We measured Zn levels in the urine, plasma, and erythrocytes of 14 IDDM subjects and 15 nondiabetics who kept dietary records for 3 consecutive days. Subsequently, six IDDM subjects and seven nondiabetics were supplemented with 50 mg Zn daily for 28 days. We measured the above parameters, as well as mononuclear leukocyte Zn (MNL-Zn) and the plasma subfraction of albumin-bound Zn (alb-Zn). The total plasma Zn-binding capacity was also assessed. Plasma copper and erythrocyte Cu were monitored as indicators of potential Zn toxicity. Individuals with IDDM displayed the expected hyperzincuria, but had normal blood Zn parameters. Zincuria increased by a similar amount in both groups during supplementation, as did the MNL-Zn content. However, erythrocyte Zn (e-Zn) was refractory, so a trend toward lower e-Zn among IDDM subjects persisted during Zn supplementation. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) increased markedly in the Zn-supplemented IDDM group. Despite their chronic hyperzincuria, individuals with IDDM appear not to be Zn-deficient. Large-dose Zn supplementation increases MNL-Zn and induces an undesirable elevation of HbA1c in all individuals. This is especially disconcerting for those with IDDM, and may reflect an exacerbation of a chronic "Zn diabetes." These data suggest a potential for toxicity from large-dose Zn supplementation.

32. Zinc and insulin sensitivity.

Faure P, Roussel A, Coudray C, Richard MJ, Halimi S, Favier A. Laboratoire de Biochimie C, Hopital A. Michallon, Grenoble, France.

Biol Trace Elem Res 1992 Jan-Mar;32:305-10

Many studies have shown that zinc deficiency could decrease the response to insulin. In genetically diabetic animals, a low zinc status has been observed contrary to induced diabetic animals. The zinc status of human patients depends on the type of diabetes and the age. Zinc supplementation seems to have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanism of insulin resistance secondary to zinc depletion is yet unclear. More studies are therefore necessary to document better zinc metabolism in diabetes mellitus, and the antioxidant activity of zinc on the insulin receptor and the glucose transporter.

33. The influence of zinc supplementation on glucose homeostasis in NIDDM.

Raz I, Karsai D, Katz M. Department of Medicine B, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Karem, Israel.

Diabetes Res 1989 Jun;11(2):73-9

Decreased serum zinc levels and hyperzincuria occur in some non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects (NIDDM). Zinc deficiency was demonstrated in various tissues of animal models for NIDDM. Serum zinc and 24-hr urine zinc of subjects with NIDDM were compared with that of age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Zincuria was significantly increased in the diabetic group. Thirteen diabetic subjects with hyperzincuria and hypozincemia were supplemented with zinc sulfate 220 mg x 3/day for 7-8 weeks. At the end of the study, glucose disposal (evaluated by kg) decreased significantly from 0.562 +/- 0.03 to 0.414 +/- 0.05 (p less than 0.05) and fasting glucose and fructosamine were significantly increased from 177 +/- 10 mg/dl to 207 +/- 15 mg/dl (p less than 0.05) and from 2.7 +/- 0.2% to 3.2 +/- 0.28% (p less than 0.05), respectively. T-lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin was increased significantly. We conclude that zinc supplementation to NIDD patients with hypozincemia and hyperzincemia might aggravate their glucose intolerance. More accurate methods to assess zinc deficiency in NIDD patients is needed to justify the supplementation of zinc in these patients.

ELDERLY

34. Zinc and immunoresistance to infection in aging: new biological tools.

Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M, Giacconi R. Immunology Centre, Research Department 'Nino Masera', Italian National Research Centres on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy. e.mocchegiani@inrca.it

Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000 Jun;21(6):205-8. Comment in: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2001 Mar;22(3):112-3.

Infections can cause mortality when the immune system is damaged. The catalytic, structural (in zinc-finger proteins) and regulatory roles of zinc mean that this ion is involved in the maintenance of an effective immune response. Both zinc deficiency and impaired cell-mediated immunity combine during aging to result in increased susceptibility to infection. Dietary supplementation with the recommended daily allowance of zinc for between one and two months decreases the incidence of infection and increases the survival rate following infection in the elderly. This article reviews the biochemical pathways through which zinc might act to increase immunoresistance to infection in the elderly.

35. Zinc and copper intakes and their major food sources for older adults in the 1994-96 continuing survey of food intakes by individuals (CSFII).

Ma J, Betts NM. Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.

J Nutr. 2000 Nov;130(11):2838-43. Full text article http://www.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/11/2838

Zinc and copper are two trace minerals essential for important biochemical functions and necessary for maintaining health throughout life. Several national food surveys revealed marginally to moderately low contents of both nutrients in the typical American diet. Using data from the respondents >/= 60 y old in the 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), we examined average dietary intakes of zinc, copper and relevant dietary factors; primary dietary contributors of zinc and copper; and Zn:Cu ratios of the primary dietary contributors. Data were analyzed with the use of a chi(2) test, Student's t test and multivariate analysis of covariance with Bonferroni correction. The daily zinc intake was 12 +/- 6.4 mg for men and 8.0 +/- 4.0 mg for women (P < 0.05); the daily copper intake was 1.3 +/- 0.7 mg for men and 1.0 +/- 0.5 mg for women (P < 0.05). Foods such as beef, ground beef, legumes, poultry, ready-to-eat and hot cereals, and pork constituted the major sources of zinc. Copper consumption was contributed mainly by legumes, potato and potato products, nuts and seeds, and beef. The less-than-recommended intakes of zinc and copper by the elderly were likely associated with age, low income and less education. The intakes of zinc and copper could be improved by more frequent consumption of food sources rich in these minerals. An inherent limitation of this study was the use of the 24-h dietary recall method, which may underestimate usual dietary intakes. Nonetheless, this study affirms the need for assessment of zinc and copper nutriture in the elderly.

36. [Zinc: pathophysiological effects, deficiency status and effects of supplementation in elderly persons--an overview of the research] [Article in German]

Abbasi A, Shetty K. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.

Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1999 Jul;32 Suppl 1:I75-9.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient. Several studies have shown that zinc deficiency is common in older people. Zinc has been extensively studied with regard to its role in wound healing, infections, immune system, cardiovascular disease, and several other medical conditions. Several investigators have published intervention studies using zinc supplements in older people with favorable outcomes. This paper will briefly review the pathophysiologic effects of zinc, nutritional deficiency, and effects of zinc supplementation in older people.

37. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network.

Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron-Ruault MC, Brunet-Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra JC, Herchberg S. Scientific and Technical Institute for Foods and Nutrition, Conservatiore National des Arts et Mettiers, Paris, France.

Arch Intern Med. 1999 Apr 12;159(7):748-54.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidant supplementation is thought to improve immunity and thereby reduce infectious morbidity. However, few large trials in elderly people have been conducted that include end points for clinical variables. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of long-term daily supplementation with trace elements (zinc sulfate and selenium sulfide) or vitamins (beta carotene, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E) on immunity and the incidence of infections in institutionalized elderly people. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study included 725 institutionalized elderly patients (>65 years) from 25 geriatric centers in France. Patients received an oral daily supplement of nutritional doses of trace elements (zinc and selenium sulfide) or vitamins (beta carotene, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E) or a placebo within a 2 x 2 factorial design for 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response, humoral response to influenza vaccine, and infectious morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Correction of specific nutrient deficiencies was observed after 6 months of supplementation and was maintained for the first year, during which there was no effect of any treatment on delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response. Antibody titers after influenza vaccine were higher in groups that received trace elements alone or associated with vitamins, whereas the vitamin group had significantly lower antibody titers (P<.05). The number of patients without respiratory tract infections during the study was higher in groups that received trace elements (P = .06). Supplementation with neither trace elements nor vitamins significantly reduced the incidence of urogenital infections. Survival analysis for the 2 years did not show any differences between the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose supplementation of zinc and selenium provides significant improvement in elderly patients by increasing the humoral response after vaccination and could have considerable public health importance by reducing morbidity from respiratory tract infections.

38. [Diagnosis of zinc deficiency] [Article in German]

Roth HP, Kirchgessner M. Institut fur Ernahrungsphysiologie, Technischen Universitat Munchen.

Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1999 Jul;32 Suppl 1:I55-63.

Though far more common, particularly in elderly people, than was previously assumed, marginal zinc deficiency does not lead to the classical manifestations of zinc deficiency and is therefore difficult to diagnose. There is therefore a need for sensitive parameters that can reliably demonstrate even marginal zinc deficiency, as suboptimal zinc status can seriously impair human health, performance, reproductive functions, and mental and physical development. The most important criteria for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency are critically discussed. The laboratory parameters currently considered to be the most useful indicators of marginal zinc deficiency are zinc-binding capacity and serum/plasma alkaline phosphatase activity before and after zinc supplementation (zinc tolerance test!). In order to obtain a reliable assessment of a patients zinc status, a number of different diagnostic parameters should always be measured.

39. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial.

Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet-Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l'Alimentation, Paris, France.

Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41(2):98-107.

To determine the impact of a trace element and vitamin supplementation on infectious morbidity, a double-blind controlled trial was performed on 81 elderly subjects in a geriatric center during a 2-year period. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, and received daily: placebo; trace elements/zinc 20 mg; selenium 100 micrograms); vitamins (vitamin C 120 mg; beta-carotene 6 mg; alpha-tocopherol 15 mg); or a combination of trace elements and vitamins at equal doses. (1) Before supplementation, low serum values in vitamin C, folate, zinc and selenium were observed in more than two thirds of the patients. (2) After 6 months of supplementation, a significant increase in vitamin and trace element serum levels was obtained in the corresponding treatment groups: a plateau was then observed for the whole study. (3) Subjects who received trace elements (zinc and selenium) alone or associated with vitamins had significantly less infectious events during the 2 years of supplementation. These results indicate that supplementation with low doses of vitamins and trace elements is able to rapidly correct corresponding deficiencies in the institutionalized elderly. Moreover, zinc and selenium reduced infectious events.

40. [Zinc status evaluation in an elderly institutionalized population] [Article in Spanish]

Meertens L, Solano L, Pena E. Unidad de Investigaciones en Nutricion, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.

Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1997 Dec;47(4):311-4.

Elderly people is at high nutritional risk for zinc, specially marginal deficit, which could contribute to complications of chronic diseases and undernutrition. The aim of study was to know the zinc status of 83 elderly people (older than 60), from both sexes, living in geriatric home. Zinc serum levels, alkaline phosphatase serum levels; albumin serum levels, energy, proteins and zinc dietary intake and gustative sensitivity were determined. Results expressed as mean +/- DS are the following: serum zinc: 90.89 +/- 19.0 micrograms/dl, alkaline phosphatase: 125.41 +/- 24.2 IU/L, albumin serum: 3.9 +/- 0.76 g/dl energy intake: 1643 +/- 309.9 Kcal/day, protein intake: 59.96 +/- 13.2 g/day, zinc intake 7.9 +/- 3.0 mg/day, only energy and zinc intake were deficient. 18.1% had zinc values under 70 micrograms/dl. There was 54% of positive responses to the taste acuity tests. This results qualify this group as at risk, specially for zinc nutritional.

41. Beneficial effects of oral zinc supplementation on the immune response of old people.

Duchateau J, Delepesse G, Vrijens R, Collet H

Am J Med 1981 May;70(5):1001-4

Zinc is known to have beneficial effects on the immune response. In an attempt to modify age-associated immune dysfunction, supplemental zinc was administered to 15 subjects over 70 years of age (220 mg zinc sulfate twice daily for a month). As compared to 15 controls, matched for age and sex, there was a significant improvement in the following immune parameters in the treated group: (1) number of circulating T lymphocytes; (2) delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to purified protein derivative, Candidin and streptokinase-streptodornase; (3) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response to tetanus vaccine. Zinc treatment had no influence on the number of total circulating leukocytes or lymphocytes, or on the in vitro lymphocyte response to three mitogens: phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The data suggest that the addition of zinc to the diet of old persons could be an effective and simple way to improve their immune function.

42. Effect of a two-year supplementation with low doses of antioxidant vitamins and/or minerals in elderly subjects on levels of nutrients and antioxidant defense parameters.

Girodon F, Blache D, Monget AL, Lombart M, Brunet-Lecompte P, Arnaud J, Richard MJ, Galan P Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoproteines, Universite de Bourgogne, Digon, France.

J Am Coll Nutr 1997 Aug;16(4):357-65

BACKGROUND: Eighty-one elderly hospitalized subjects (> 65 years) were recruited for a double-blind placebo-controlled study to examine low dose supplementation of antioxidant vitamins and minerals on biological and functional parameters of free radical metabolism. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups, daily receiving for 2 years: placebo group; mineral group: 20 mg zinc, 100 micrograms selenium; vitamin group: 120 mg VITAMIN C (Vit C), 6 mg beta-carotene (beta CA), 15 mg vitamin E (Vit E); mineral and vitamin group: Zn 20 mg, Se 100 micrograms, Vit C 120 mg, beta CA 6 mg, Vit E 15 mg. RESULTS: Fifty-seven subjects completed the study. A large frequency of Vit C, Zn and Se deficiencies were observed at baseline. As early as 6 months of treatment, a significant increase in vitamin and mineral serum levels was observed in the corresponding groups. The increases ranged from 1.1-4.0 fold depending on the nutrient. Antioxidant defense, studied in vitro with a test using red blood cells in presence of 2,2'-azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) by hydrochloride, showed an increase of cell resistance in patients receiving vitamins (p = 0.002); it was positively correlated with serum Vit C (p < 0.0001), alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol (p = 0.06), beta CA (p = 0.0014), serum Cu and Se (p < 0.05). Moreover, red blood cell antioxidant defense was reduced in elderly compared with young control subjects (50% hemolysis time: 69 +/- 14 mn and 109 +/- 12 mn, respectively). Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was enhanced in groups receiving minerals, whereas no significant change was observed for other indicators of oxidative stress (erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, total glutathione, reduced and oxidized forms). DISCUSSION: Our results provide experimental evidence that a low dose supplementation with vitamins and minerals was able to normalize biological nutrient status as early as 6 months of treatment. In addition, our data indicate that antioxidant defense in elderly subjects was improved with low doses of Vit C, vit E and beta CA as studied by means of a functional test utilizing red blood cells challenged in vitro with free radicals.

43. In vitro modulation of keratinocyte wound healing integrins by zinc, copper and manganese.

Tenaud I, Sainte-Marie I, Jumbou O, Litoux P, Dreno B. Laboratory of Immuno-Dermatology, CHU Hotel-Dieu, Place A. Ricordeau, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France.

Br J Dermatol 1999 Jan;140(1):26-34

Although the trace elements zinc, copper and manganese are used in vivo for their healing properties, their mechanism of action is still only partially known. Some integrins expressed by basal layer keratinocytes play an essential part in healing, notably alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, alpha6beta4 and alphaVbeta5, whose expression and distribution in epidermis are modified during the re-epithelialization phase. This study demonstrates how the expression of these integrins are modulated in vitro by trace elements. Integrin expression was studied in proliferating keratinocytes in monolayer cultures and in reconstituted skin that included a differentiation state. After 48 h incubation with zinc gluconate (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 microg/mL), copper gluconate (1, 2 and 4 microg/mL), manganese gluconate (0.5, 1 and 2 microg/mL) and control medium, integrin expression was evaluated by FACScan and immunohistochemistry. Induction of alpha2, alpha3, alphaV and alpha6 was produced by zinc gluconate 1.8 microg/mL in monolayers, of alpha2, alpha6 and beta1 by copper gluconate 2 and 4 microg/mL and of all the integrins studied except alpha3 by manganese gluconate 1 microg/mL. Thus, alpha6 expression was induced by all three trace elements. The inductive effect of zinc was particularly notable on integrins affecting cellular mobility in the proliferation phase of wound healing (alpha3, alpha6, alphaV) and that of copper on integrins expressed by suprabasally differentiated keratinocytes during the final healing phase (alpha2, beta1 and alpha6), while manganese had a mixed effect.

44. Prevalence of magnesium and zinc deficiencies in nursing home residents in Germany.

Worwag M, Classen HG, Schumacher E. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

Magnes Res. 1999 Sep;12(3):181-9.

In a multicentric study with 345 seniors over 70 years old we investigated magnesium and zinc levels in serum together with the prevalence of their typical symptoms of deficiency in nursing home residents (NHR) and non-nursing home residents (nNHR). In addition calcium, sodium and potassium levels in serum were determined as well as creatinine and albumin. Considering all seniors 33 per cent exhibited hypomagnesemia and 19 per cent hypozincemia. Zinc levels of female and male NHR were significantly lower than levels of nNHR. Hypomagnesemia was significantly associated with calf cramps and with diabetes mellitus. Hypozincemia was significantly associated with impaired wound healing.

Hearing

45. [The serum zinc level in patients with tinnitus and the effect of zinc treatment] [Article in Japanese] Ochi K, Ohashi T, Kinoshita H, Akagi M, Kikuchi H, Mitsui M, Kaneko T, Kato I. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kyoto-fu.

Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1997 Sep;100(9):915-9

We measured the serum zinc level in patients with tinnitus and evaluated the effectiveness of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus. Blood zinc levels were measured in 121 patients with tinnitus. All patients were examined between 1995 and 1997 at the outpatient clinic of otorhinolaryngology St. Marianna University Toyoko Hospital. Forty-seven patients who had received any drug such as a calcium channel blocker and others or had been affected by any diseases were excluded and therefore 74 patients consisting of 46 females (62%) and 28 males (38%) were investigated. Twenty two healthy volunteers served as a control group. The mean age and standard deviations for the tinnitus group and the control group were 47.8 +/- 17.1 and 31.4 +/- 8.2 years, respectively. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in serum zinc levels in patients with tinnitus compared with the control group. Because there was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in age distribution between tinnitus and control groups, patients were selected by their age in order to neglect the effect of aging. In this situation, a significant difference (p < 0.01) was noted between the tinnitus group and control group. Low blood zinc level was defined by using the mean and standard deviation for the control group (mean-1 S.D.). We treated patients with low blood zinc levels. A total dose of 34-68 mg of Zn++ was administered daily for over 2 weeks. The degree of tinnitus was expressed on a numeric scale from 0 to 10 before and after treatment. Blood zinc levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) after treatment. We found a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the numeric scale. These findings suggest that zinc is useful in at least some patients suffering from tinnitus. It is possible to classify patients with tinnitus by measuring serum zinc level and this leads to improvement of the overall treatment effect.

46. Chemical anatomy of excitatory endings in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat: differential synaptic distribution of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate, and vesicular zinc.

Rubio ME, Juiz JM. Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain. lrubio@pop.nidcd.nih.gov

J Comp Neurol 1998 Sep 28;399(3):341-58

In order to identify cytochemical traits relevant to understanding excitatory neurotransmission in brainstem auditory nuclei, we have analyzed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus the synaptic distribution of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate, and vesicular zinc, three molecules probably involved in different steps of excitatory glutamatergic signaling. High levels of glutamate immunolabeling were found in three classes of synaptic endings in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, as determined by quantitation of immunogold labeling. The first type included auditory nerve endings, the second were granule cell endings in the molecular layer, and the third very large endings, better described as "mossy." This finding points to a neurotransmitter role for glutamate in at least three synaptic populations in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The same three types of endings enriched in glutamate immunoreactivity also contained histochemically detectable levels of aspartate aminotransferase activity, suggesting that this enzyme may be involved in the synaptic handling of glutamate in excitatory endings in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. There was also extrasynaptic localization of the enzyme. Zinc ions were localized exclusively in granule cell endings, as determined by a Danscher-selenite method, suggesting that this ion is involved in the operation of granule cell synapses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

47. The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus.

Arda HN, Tuncel U, Akdogan O, Ozluoglu LN. Department of Ear, Nose, Throat, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Numune Research and Education Hospital, Turkey. nedard@yahoo.com

Otol Neurotol. 2003 Jan;24(1):86-9.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the role of zinc administration in treatment of tinnitus.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled study.

SETTING: Patients with tinnitus were admitted to the ear, nose, and throat clinic of the authors' hospital.

PATIENTS: Patients with tinnitus with no know pathologic conditions of the ear, nose, and throat; the mean age of 28 patients receiving zinc was 51.2 years, and that of 13 patients given placebo was 55 years.

INTERVENTION: Blood zinc levels were measured. Frequency was detected by audiometry, and loudness of tinnitus was screened by tinnitus match test. A questionnaire that scored tinnitus subjectively between 0 and 7 was given to patients before zinc treatment. After 2 months of treatment (zinc 50 mg daily to zinc group, placebo pill containing starch to placebo group), all of the tests were performed again. There was no difference in age, sex, duration of tinnitus, and affected ears between the patients treated with zinc and those treated with placebo. Blood zinc levels were lower than normal in 31% of patients before treatment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A decrease in tinnitus loudness by at least 10 dB was accepted as clinically favorable progress. A decrease of more than 1 point in subjective tinnitus scoring was accepted as valid.

RESULTS: Clinically favorable progress was detected in 46.4% of patients given zinc. Although this decrease was not statistically significant, the severity of subjective tinnitus decreased in 82% of the patients receiving zinc. The mean of subjective tinnitus decreased from 5.25 +/- 1.08 to 2.82 +/- 1.81 (< 0.001). However, the decrease in severity of the tinnitus was not significant in patients receiving placebo.

CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that patients with tinnitus may have low blood zinc levels (31%) and clinical and subjective improvement can be achieved by oral zinc medication. However, it remains to be seen whether the longer duration of treatment has more significant results.

48. The role of zinc in management of tinnitus.

Yetiser S, Tosun F, Satar B, Arslanhan M, Akcam T, Ozkaptan Y. Department of ORL and HNS, Gulhane Medical School, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey. syetiser@yahoo.com

Auris Nasus Larynx. 2002 Oct;29(4):329-33.

OBJECTIVE: Several therapeutic modalities have been tried in patients with tinnitus. These trials have given rise to unsatisfactory results in most of the patients since the etiology and pathophysiology of tinnitus is unclear. Significant correlation between tinnitus and decreased zinc level and also reduction in severity of tinnitus after zinc therapy has been reported in some clinical studies. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of hypozincemia in patients suffering from tinnitus of various origins (presbyacusis, acoustic trauma and ototoxicity) at young and elderly population and to investigate the effect of zinc therapy upon the severity of tinnitus.

METHODS: Forty consecutive patients with severe tinnitus were included in this study between April 1998 and May 2000. There were 32 men (80%) and eight women (20%) with an age ranging between 19 and 67 (mean 40.6 years). Eleven patients were over the age of 50. The zinc level was measured in non-diluted serum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (normal values; 50-120 microg/dl) from fasting blood samples. All the patients were given zinc pills 220 mg each, once a day and 2 h before lunch for 2 months. The patients were required to fulfill a tinnitus scoring scale and a handicap questionnaire before and after treatment. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and McNemar test were used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Six patients were hypozincemic and seven patients had decreased serum zinc levels. No significant change has been observed in frequency and severity of tinnitus measured by audiologic tests after zinc therapy. Twenty-three (57.5%) of these patients reported some relief of tinnitus in the tinnitus scoring scale but the rate of improvement was minor (P>0.05). Decrease in severity of tinnitus after zinc therapy in elder group was better than the younger ones.

CONCLUSION: Our study could not confirm the high incidence of hypozincemia in patients with tinnitus as reported previously. Zinc therapy for 8 weeks presented no promising effect on tinnitus in three groups of patients and the difference between the rate of improvement in severity of tinnitus after zinc intake in patients with normal and low serum zinc level was not significant. Zinc supplement provided relief of tinnitus in some of the elder people who apparently had dietary zinc deficiency.

49. Zinc: the neglected nutrient.

Shambaugh GE Jr. Shambaugh Hearing and Allergy, Hinsdale, IL 60521.

Am J Otol 1989 Mar;10(2):156-60

Zinc was first recognized as essential for animals at the University of Illinois School of Agriculture in 1916, when it was found that zinc-deficient baby pigs were runty, developed dermatitis on their legs, and were sterile. Zinc deficiency was first recognized in man by Dr. Ananda Prasad of Detroit 26 years ago when he measured serum and hair zinc levels in young male Egyptian dwarfs who had failed to mature and were small in stature. By simply adding zinc to their regular diet, they grew in height and became sexually mature. It is now recognized that dwarfism in males is frequent around the Mediterranean, where wheat is the staple of life and has been grown for 4,000 years on the same soil, thereby resulting in the depletion of zinc. Professor Robert Henkin first suggested that zinc deficiency might cause hearing-nerve impairment. Assay of the soft tissues of the cochlea and vestibule revealed a zinc level higher than that of any other part of the body. Previously, the eye was considered to have the highest level of zinc of any organ. To diagnose zinc deficiency clinically, we use serum zinc assays made at the Mayo Clinic Trace Element Laboratory. With zinc supplementation in patients who are marginally zinc deficient, there has been improvement in tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss in about one-third of elderly adults. We believe zinc deficiency is one causation of presbycusis; by recognizing and correcting it, a progressive hearing loss can be arrested.

Hepatitis

50. Determination of hepatic zinc content in chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus.

Gur G; Bayraktar Y; Ozer D; Ozdogan M; Kayhan B Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara-Turkey.

Hepatogastroenterology (Greece) Mar-Apr 1998, 45 (20) p472-6

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Zinc is an essential, mostly intracellular, trace element which participates in many physiologic mechanisms. Some liver functions like urea formation require the presence of zinc; thus the determination of hepatic zinc content may contribute to the understanding of probable zinc-related clinical consequences of chronic liver disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the hepatic zinc concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease due to the Hepatitis B virus and to ascertain the relationship between the severity of liver disease and hepatic zinc content, if one in fact exists.

METHODOLOGY: A total of 99 HBsAg positive subjects were included in the study. We performed a liver biopsy on all subjects. Hepatic zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

RESULTS: The liver biopsies were normal in 25 subjects. There were 33 chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 34 cirrhosis and 7 chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) patients in the study group. In the control group, CAH, cirrhosis and CPH groups, the mean liver zinc concentrations were 3.83 +/- 1.86, 1.86 +/- 0.92, 1.14 +/- 0.68 and 3.74 +/- 1.81 mumol/g dry weight, respectively. Hepatic zinc in the CAH and cirrhosis groups were lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). We also found that liver zinc in the cirrhosis group was lower than in the CAH group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: According to these results, as the severity of liver damage increases, the hepatic zinc concentration decreases. Therefore, it can be suggested that zinc supplementation may improve hepatic encephalopathy by increasing the efficiency of the urea cycle.

51. Zinc supplementation improves glucose disposal in patients with cirrhosis.

Marchesini G; Bugianesi E; Ronchi M; Flamia R; Thomaseth K; Pacini G Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Cardioangiologia, Epatologia, Universita di Bologna, Italy.

Metabolism (United States) Jul 1998, 47 (7) p792-8

Zinc deficiency is common in cirrhosis, and was proved to affect nitrogen metabolism. In experimental animals, zinc status may also affect glucose disposal, and acute zinc supplementation improves glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. This study was aimed at measuring the effects of long-term oral zinc supplements on glucose tolerance in cirrhosis . The time courses of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide in response to an intravenous (i.v.) glucose load were analyzed by the minimal-model technique before and after long-term oral zinc supplements (200 mg three times per day for 60 days) in 10 subjects with advanced cirrhosis and impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. The test was performed using a simplified procedure, based on 20 blood samples collected within 4 hours from the glucose load. Normal values were obtained in 25 age-matched healthy subjects. Zinc levels were low to normal or reduced before treatment, and were normalized by oral zinc. Glucose disappearance improved by greater than 30% in response to treatment. There were no changes in pancreatic insulin secretion and systemic delivery, or in the hepatic extraction of insulin. Insulin sensitivity (SI), which was reduced by 80% before treatment, did not change. Glucose effectiveness (SG) was nearly halved in cirrhosis before treatment (0.013 [SD 0.007] min(-1) v. 0.028 [SD 0.009] in controls; P < .001), and increased to 0.017 (SD 0.009) after zinc (P < .05 v. baseline). The return to normal of plasma zinc levels after long-term zinc treatment in advanced cirrhosis improves glucose tolerance via an increase of the effects of glucose per se on glucose metabolism. Poor zinc status may contribute to the impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes of cirrhosis.

52. Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on alkaline phosphatase and nucleic acids in rats.

Okegbile EO, Odunuga O, Oyewo A. Department of Biochemistry, Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.

Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998 Sep-Dec;27(3-4):189-92

Weanling male albino rats were randomly alloted to zinc deficient fed (ZnDF) pair-fed (ZnPF) or ad libitum-fed (ZnAL) dietary treatments. The rats were fed diets with either low (5 micrograms/g) or adequate (100 micrograms/g) zinc for 28 days. Zinc deficiency significantly reduced growth rate by 60% and was associated with a significantly low feed intake when compared with ZnPF and ZnAL groups. DNA and RNA contents of the liver were used as indication of nitrogen metabolism. DNA content was similar for both ZnPF and ZnAL groups (1.90 and 2.20 mg/g wet weight, respectively), but significantly different from ZnDF (1.42 mg/g wet weight). Liver RNA values of ZnAL, ZnPF and ZnDF groups similarly varied (25.0, 20.2 and 14.8 mg/g wet weight, respectively). Liver, muscle, spleen, femur and serum zinc concentrations were lowest in rats fed ZnDF relative to adequate zinc levels. The levels of the alkaline phosphatase activity was highest in the serum and lowest in the brain (spleen value was greater than that of the liver). Alkaline phosphatase activity was similar in ZnAL and ZnPF groups, but significantly different from ZnDF. In conclusion, the constitutively expressed growth rate, DNA level, RNA level, organ/serum zinc contents and alkaline phosphatase activities were markedly affected by zinc deficiency in rats.

HIV

53. Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use.

Baum MK, Campa A, Lai S, Lai H, Page JB. Florida International University, College of Health and Urban Affairs, University Park, Rm. HLS 337, Miami, FL 33199, USA. baumm@fiu.edu

Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 Suppl 2:S117-23.

Zinc deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient abnormality seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Low levels of plasma zinc predict a 3-fold increase in HIV-related mortality, whereas normalization has been associated with significantly slower disease progression and a decrease in the rate of opportunistic infections. Studies in Miami, Florida, indicated that HIV-positive users of illicit drugs are at risk for developing zinc deficiency, at least partially because of their poor dietary intake. Zinc deficiency characterized by low plasma zinc levels over time enhances HIV-associated disease progression, and low dietary zinc intake is an independent predictor of mortality in HIV-infected drug users. The amount of zinc supplementation in HIV infection appears to be critical, because deficiency, as well as excessive dietary intake of zinc, has been linked with declining CD4 cell counts and reduced survival. More research is needed to determine the optimal zinc supplementation level in HIV-infected patients, to prevent further burden on an already compromised immune system.

54. Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system.

Ferencik M, Ebringer L. Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2003;48(3):417-26.

Almost all nutrients in the diet play a crucial role in maintaining an "optimal" immune response, and both insufficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on the immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. We summarize the evidence for the importance of two micronutrients, selenium and zinc, and describe the mechanisms through which they affect the immune status and other physiological functions. As a constituent of selenoproteins, selenium is needed for the proper functioning of neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, T lymphocytes and some other immune mechanisms. Elevated selenium intake may be associated with reduced cancer risk and may alleviate other pathological conditions including oxidative stress and inflammation. Selenium appears to be a key nutrient in counteracting the development of virulence and inhibiting HIV progression to AIDS. It is required for sperm motility and may reduce the risk of miscarriage. Selenium deficiency has been linked to adverse mood states and some findings suggest that selenium deficiency may be a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. Zinc is required as a catalytic, structural and regulatory ion for enzymes, proteins and transcription factors, and is thus a key trace element in many homeostatic mechanisms of the body, including immune responses. Low zinc ion bioavailability results in limited immunoresistance to infection in aging. Physiological supplementation of zinc for 1-2 months restores immune responses, reduces the incidence of infections and prolongs survival. However, in every single individual zinc supplementation of food should be adjusted to the particular zinc status in views of the great variability in habitat conditions, health status and dietary requirements.

55. Nutrients and HIV: part two-vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium.

Patrick L.

Altern Med Rev 2000 Feb;5(1):39-51

There is compelling evidence that micronutrient deficiencies can profoundly affect immunity; micronutrient deficiencies are widely seen in HIV, even in asymptomatic patients. Direct relationships have been found between deficiencies of specific nutrients, such as vitamins A and B12, and a decline in CD4 counts. Deficiencies appear to influence vertical transmission (vitamin A) and may affect progression to AIDS (vitamin A, B12, zinc). Correction of deficiencies has been shown to affect symptoms and disease manifestation (AIDS dementia complex and B12; diarrhea, weight loss, and zinc), and certain micronutrients have demonstrated a direct anti-viral effect in vitro (vitamin E and zinc). The previous article in this series focused on selenium and beta carotene deficiencies in HIV/AIDS. This literature review elucidates how deficiencies of the micronutrients zinc, magnesium, vitamins A, E, and specific B vitamins relate to HIV symptomology and progression, and clearly illustrates the need for nutritional supplementation in HIV disease.

56. Zinc serum level in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in relation to immunological status.

Wellinghausen N, Kern WV, Jochle W, Kern P. Section of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Ulm, Germany.

Biol Trace Elem Res 2000 Feb;73(2):139-49

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, serum level of zinc, an important micronutrient for immune function, is frequently diminished. The aim of this study was to determine the zinc status in relation to immunological parameters and disease stage in 79 HIV-1 seropositive patients. The median serum level of zinc was within normal limits (12.5 micromol/L) but in 23% of patients, zinc deficiency was seen. Decreased serum zinc was associated with a low CD4 cell count, high viral load, and increased neopterin and IgA levels. According to current treatment recommendations, the majority of patients received antiretroviral triple therapy. Zinc levels in treated and untreated patients were comparable. Referring to disease stage (CDC classification, 1993), the mean zinc level was highest in stage C and lowest in stage A. In conclusion, even under antiretroviral triple therapy, zinc deficiency is still of great importance in HIV infection, and zinc substitution in zinc deficient individuals should be taken into account to optimize therapeutical success.

57. Zinc serum level in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in relation to immunological status.

Wellinghausen N, Kern WV, Jochle W, Kern P. Section of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Ulm, Germany.

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 Feb;73(2):139-49.

Hypertension

58. Free radical disease prevention and nutrition.

Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Ursinyova M, Blazicek P, Spustova V, Ginter E, Hladikova V, Klvanova J. Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia. Kudlackova@upkm.sk

Bratisl Lek Listy. 2003;104(2):64-8.

An improved antioxidant status (overthreshold plasma values of essential antioxidants) minimizes the oxidative damage. The levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, ,,antioxidant" trace elements selenium, zinc, copper and iron were measured in two groups of adults with different nutritional habits--alternative (vegetarians; n=110) and traditional (mixed diet, control, n=101). The prevalence of iron and zinc deficiencies was found in the alternative group (20% vs 11%--iron, 13% vs 9%--zinc) as a consequence of higher intake of plant trace element absorption inhibitors. As opposed to the latter, the control group had higher findings of iron and copper levels over the optimal range (18% vs 8%--iron, 11% vs 2%--copper). The subjects on mixed diet was showed a significant negative linear correlation between serum zinc and iron levels. This favourable relationship means a decrease in Fenton reaction by indirect zinc effect. Average plasma values of vitamin C, vitamin C/vitamin E, vitamin E/ cholesterol (LDL protection), vitamin E/triacylglycerols (polyunsaturated fatty acid protection) in vegetarians are over the threshold with high number of individual overthreshold values (94% vs 17%--vitamin C, 100% vs 58%--vitamin C/vitamin E, 89% vs 68%--vitamin E/cholesterol, 100% vs 64%--vitamin E/triacylglycerols). Homocysteine levels in vegetarians (36% atherogenic levels) correlate significantly inversely to vitamin C levels, the fact of which means a positive vitamin C effect in free radical remove also in hyperhomocysteinemia. Plant food is a rich source of antioxidants. A correct vegetarian nutrition or optimized mixed diets with regular and frequent consumption of protective food commodities may be an effective contribution to the age-related chronic degenerative disease prevention. (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 31.).

59. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and its relatives.

Riordan JF. Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. james_riordan@hms.harvard.edu

Genome Biol. 2003;4(8):225. Epub 2003 Jul 25.

SUMMARY: Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a monomeric, membrane-bound, zinc- and chloride-dependent peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of the decapeptide angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II, by removing a carboxy-terminal dipeptide. ACE has long been known to be a key part of the renin angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure, and ACE inhibitors are important for the treatment of hypertension. There are two forms of the enzyme in humans, the ubiquitous somatic ACE and the sperm-specific germinal ACE, both encoded by the same gene through transcription from alternative promoters. Somatic ACE has two tandem active sites with distinct catalytic properties, whereas germinal ACE, the function of which is largely unknown, has just a single active site. Recently, an ACE homolog, ACE2, has been identified in humans that differs from ACE in being a carboxypeptidase that preferentially removes carboxy-terminal hydrophobic or basic amino acids; it appears to be important in cardiac function. ACE homologs (also known as members of the M2 gluzincin family) have been found in a wide variety of species, even in those that neither have a cardiovascular system nor synthesize angiotensin. X-ray structures of a truncated, deglycosylated form of germinal ACE and a related enzyme from Drosophila have been reported, and these show that the active site is deep within a central cavity. Structure-based drug design targeting the individual active sites of somatic ACE may lead to a new generation of ACE inhibitors, with fewer side-effects than currently available inhibitors.

60. Studies of five microelement contents in human serum, hair, and fingernails correlated with aged hypertension and coronary heart disease.

Tang YR, Zhang SQ, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Fu H, Zhang HP, Xiong KM. College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan Hubei, China.

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003 May;92(2):97-104.

Using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), five microelements in human serum, hair, and fingernails of aged hypertension, coronary heart disease (diseased group) and aged health control (healthy group) were detected. Results of the t-test are as follows: The iron, zinc, and cadmium contents and Zn/Cu (mol/mol) ratio of the diseased group were significantly higher than that of the healthy group in serum (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.05, respectively); the chromium contents in the serum, hair, and fingernails (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.05, respectively); the iron and zinc contents in the hair and fingernails (p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.01 respectively) and Zn/Cu ratio in the hair (p<0.01) of the diseased group were significantly lower than that of the healthy group.

61. Zn deficiency aggravates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats: possible role of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase.

Sato M, Yanagisawa H, Nojima Y, Tamura J, Wada O. Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Iruma-gun, Japan.

Clin Exp Hypertens. 2002 Jul;24(5):355-70.

Using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fed a standard or a Zn-deficient diet for 4 weeks, we examined whether Zn deficiency affects systemic blood pressure (BP) levels in a genetically hypertensive state through a fall in the activity of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD). SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet had a progressive increase in systolic BP during the dietary conditioning. Consequently, SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet exhibited significantly increased levels of systolic BP by 2 weeks after the start of dietary treatment when compared with SHR fed a standard diet. Similarly, levels of basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) observed at the end of dietary treatment were SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet > SHR fed a standard diet. Administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, caused an increase in MAP levels in the two groups of rats, demonstrating the involvement of the vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO), in the regulation of systemic BP in a genetically hypertensive state. The expression of endothelial (e) NOS mRNA and protein in the thoracic aorta paralleled basal MAP levels in the two groups of rats, suggesting the counter-regulation of eNOS against the developed hypertensive state in SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet. On the other hand, administration of the superoxide scavenger, tempol (a SOD mimetic compound), led to a decrease in MAP levels in the two groups of rats, indicating the participation of the oxygen free radical, superoxide, in an increase in systemic BP in a genetically hypertensive state. As reported recently, the mechanism involved is due likely to a decrease in the action of the vasodilator, NO, based on the formation of peroxynitrite coming from the non-enzymatic reaction of superoxide and NO. In addition, tempol treatment completely restored MAP levels in SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet to levels comparable to those observed in SHR fed a standard diet, indicating that a further increase in systemic BP levels seen in SHR fed a Zn-deficient vs. a standard diet is presumably brought by a reduction in the action of the vasodilator, NO, resulting from an increase in the action of superoxide. The activity of the superoxide scavenger, Cu/Zn-SOD, in the thoracic aorta was significantly decreased in SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet relative to SHR fed a standard diet. It appears that a decrease in the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD observed in the thoracic aorta of SHR fed a Zn-deficient diet at least in part plays a role in an increase in the action of superoxide in this model. Thus, Zn deficiency may be a factor to develop genetic hypertension presumably through the oxidative stress caused by superoxide.

62. Increased absorption of zinc from alimentary tract in primary arterial hypertension.

Tubek S. Department of Internal Diseases, Regional Hospital, Strzelce Opolskie, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Institute of Technology, Opole, Poland. szpital.strzelce-op.pl

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Oct;83(1):31-8.

Zinc absorption from the alimentary tract, as revealed by serum zinc concentration, was studied in a group of 10 patients (age 37.7+/-5.1 yr) with moderate and severe untreated primary arterial hypertension before and after a 30-d treatment with perindopril 4 mg/d. Blood pressure was 177.33+/-16.24/111.33+/-15.26 mm Hg before and 143.41+/-17.34/91.29+/-12.54 mm Hg after treatment (p < 0.05/p < 0.05). Nine persons (age 37+/-6.2 yr) with normal blood pressure (121.33+/-9.9/78+/-5.23 mm Hg) were the control group. Blood samples were taken from the ulnar vein at 8.00 AM (0 h), before taking zinc orally (one tablet of Zincas (zinc aspartate), containing 5 mg Zn2+) and at 1, 3, and 6 h after the dose. Serum zinc concentration in control and hypertensive group (before treatment) were initially 15.47+/-6.26 versus 15.99+/-5.65 (NS), 19.37+/-6.40 versus 20.83+/-4.48 (NS) after 1 h, 17.91+/-4.76 versus 31.32+/-10.49 (p < 0.003) after 3 h, and 15.32+/-5.47 versus 17.87+/-6.56 (NS) after 6 h. Maximal increase of Zn was 4.77+/-2.10 versus 17.53+/-4.13, respectively (p < 0.001). In the hypertensive group, serum Zn before and after perindopril treatment was initially 15.98+/-5.65 versus 14.81+/-3.11 (NS), 20.83+/-4.48 versus 18.17+/-2.50 (NS) after 1 h, 31.32+/-10.49 versus 22.94+/-5.80 (NS) after 3 h, 17.53+/-4.13 (p < 0.001) after 6 h. Maximal increase of Zn before treatment was 17.53+/-4.13 versus 9.17+/-4.67 (p < 0.017) after treatment. The following conclusions were reached: (1) In patients with primary arterial hypertension, an increased zinc absorption from alimentary tract was found; (2) A 30-d perindopril treatment 4 mg/d orally decreased zinc absorption in these patients.

63. Zinc and copper status and blood pressure.

Bergomi M, Rovesti S, Vinceti M, Vivoli R, Caselgrandi E, Vivoli G. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena, Italy.

J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1997 Nov;11(3):166-9. Comment in: J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1998 Mar;12(1):1.

In order to elucidate the relationships between Zn and Cu and blood pressure, the present case-control study was carried out. Zn and Cu status was evaluated in 60 subjects, pharmacologically untreated, affected by mild stable hypertension and in 60 normotensives matched for sex, age and smoking habits. Different markers of Zn and Cu status, including serum, erythrocyte and urine levels of the two trace elements and activities of some Zn- or Cu-dependent enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and lysyl oxidase) were evaluated. No significant difference between hypertensives and normotensives was observed in the mean levels of Zn and Cu as well as in Zn- or Cu-dependent enzymes, though higher levels of serum copper were associated with increased risk of hypertension. Interesting relationships between the biological parameters investigated were observed in the hypertensive subjects. Inverse correlations between blood pressures and serum Zn were observed. Furthermore, blood pressure was inversely related to lysyl oxidase activity. These findings give further support to the hypothesis that an imbalance of Zn and Cu bioavailability may be associated to hypertensive condition.

64. [Evaluation of selected parameters of zinc metabolism in patients with primary hypertension]

Peczkowska M; Kabat M; Janaszek-Sitkowska H; PuLawska M Kliniki Nadcisnienia Tetniczego Instytutu Kardiologii w Warszawie.

Pol Arch Med Wewn (Poland) Mar 1996, 95 (3) p198-204

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of zinc (Zn) in essential hypertension (EH).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Material of the study consisted of 31 patients (12 female, 19 male) with mild and moderate EH and 20 healthy persons (NT) (7 female, 13 male). Erythrocyte (ZnE) and serum (ZnS) zinc as well as 24 hour urinary zinc excretion (ZuU) were assessed in both groups. Zn parameters were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotomery.

RESULTS: ZnS was lower and ZnE was higher in EH (p < 0.001) than in normotensives. ZnU did not differ between EH and NT. ZnE and ZnS negatively correlated with age in NT but not in EH, ZnU negatively correlated with age only in EH. BP positively correlated with ZnS in EH but not in NT. In both groups negative correlations were found between BP and ZnU.

CONCLUSIONS: 1. Zinc probably plays a role in pathogenesis of essential hypertension.

65. Zinc, cadmium, and hypertension in parturient women

Lazebnik N; Kuhnert BR; Kuhnert PM Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, OH 44109.

Am J Obstet Gynecol (United States) Aug 1989, 161 (2) p437-40

Zinc deficiency and cadmium toxicity have both been implicated in hypertension during pregnancy. The goals of this study were twofold: first, to assess the different zinc indices (plasma, red blood cell zinc, heat-labile alkaline phosphatase, and placental zinc) in normotensive and hypertensive parturients to determine whether they are altered in the different types of hypertension that occur during pregnancy; second, to assess whole-blood cadmium and placental cadmium with regard to hypertension and zinc status. Patients were diagnosed as having chronic hypertension or preeclamptic toxemia and were then further divided into groups on the basis of smoking status. Each patient was matched with a normal control subject based on age, parity, and smoking status. Forty-three hypertensive patients and their matched control subjects were studied. No differences were found in the various zinc indices between chronic hypertensive parturients and normal control subjects. However, in parturients with preeclamptic toxemia, the plasma zinc level was 19% lower than in control subjects (p less than 0.02); these patients had the lowest plasma zinc level of the three groups. Placental zinc was also 12% lower in patients with preeclamptic toxemia than in control subjects (p less than 0.04). Whole-blood cadmium and placental cadmium levels did not differ between control subjects or hypertensive patients. However, a significant positive correlation was found between whole-blood cadmium and plasma zinc levels in preeclamptic toxemia (r = 0.53; p less than 0.05). The results support a marginal zinc deficiency in parturients with preeclamptic toxemia but not in those with chronic hypertension. The role of cadmium in the cause of preeclamptic toxemia remains unclear.

Immune Enhancement

66. Zinc treatment prevents lipid peroxidation and increases glutathione availability in Wilson's disease.

Farinati F, Cardin R, D'inca R, Naccarato R, Sturniolo GC. Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. J Lab Clin Med. 2003 Jun;141(6):372-7.

Oxidative and reductive mechanisms are important in Wilson's disease. In this study, we sought to evaluate tissue levels of glutathione and cysteine, an important detoxification system, and of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipoperoxidation, in patients with Wilson's disease receiving penicillamine or zinc treatment, in comparison with patients with chronic liver disease of different origin. Concentrations of cysteine, reduced/oxidized glutathione, malondialdehyde, zinc, and copper were determined (with the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography, fluorimetry and atomic-absorption spectrophotometry) in liver-biopsy specimens from 24 patients with Wilson's disease (18 treated with zinc, 6 with penicillamine), 34 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and 10 patients with alcoholic liver disease. In patients with Wilson's disease, the concentration of reduced glutathione was lower than that in patients with viral hepatitis and as high as that in subjects with alcoholic liver damage. The cysteine level was significantly lower than those in the control groups, and the percentage of oxidized glutathione/total glutathione was higher than that in viral or alcoholic disease. Malondialdehyde levels were low, but when zinc- and penicillamine-treated patients were considered separately, only the former had low malondialdehyde levels. Zinc-treated patients had higher concentrations of reduced glutathione and a lower percentage of oxidized glutathione. In summary, patients with Wilson's disease have relevant glutathione depression, with low levels of reduced glutathione and cysteine and high concentrations of oxidized glutathione: This is prevented by zinc administration, which inhibits lipid peroxidation and increases glutathione availability.

67. Zinc-altered immune function.

Ibs KH, Rink L. Institute of Immunology, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.

J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1452S-6S.

Zinc is known to be essential for all highly proliferating cells in the human body, especially the immune system. A variety of in vivo and in vitro effects of zinc on immune cells mainly depend on the zinc concentration. All kinds of immune cells show decreased function after zinc depletion. In monocytes, all functions are impaired, whereas in natural killer cells, cytotoxicity is decreased, and in neutrophil granulocytes, phagocytosis is reduced. The normal functions of T cells are impaired, but autoreactivity and alloreactivity are increased. B cells undergo apoptosis. Impaired immune functions due to zinc deficiency are shown to be reversed by an adequate zinc supplementation, which must be adapted to the actual requirements of the patient. High dosages of zinc evoke negative effects on immune cells and show alterations that are similar to those observed with zinc deficiency. Furthermore, when peripheral blood mononuclear cells are incubated with zinc in vitro, the release of cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-1 and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble IL-2R and interferon-gamma is induced. In a concentration of 100 micro mol/L, zinc suppresses natural killer cell killing and T-cell functions whereas monocytes are activated directly, and in a concentration of 500 micro mol/L, zinc evokes a direct chemotactic activation of neutrophil granulocytes. All of these effects are discussed in this short overview.

68. Metallothioneins/PARP-1/IL-6 interplay on natural killer cell activity in elderly: parallelism with nonagenarians and old infected humans. Effect of zinc supply.

Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Gasparini N, Franceschi C, Gaetti R, Cavalieri E, Suzuki H. Immunology Center (Section Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing), Research Department Italian National Research Centres on Ageing (INRCA), Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy

Mech Ageing Dev. 2003 Apr;124(4):459-68.

Metallothioneins (MTs) play pivotal role in zinc-related cell homeostasis because of their high affinity for this trace element which is in turn relevant against oxidative stress and for the efficiency of the entire immune system, including natural killer (NK) cell activity. In order to accomplish this role, MTs sequester and/or dispense zinc during stress and inflammation to protect cells against reactive oxygen species. MTs gene expression is affected by IL-6 for a prompt immune response. Concomitantly, MTs release zinc for the activity of antioxidant zinc-dependent enzymes, including poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1(PARP-1), which is involved in base excision DNA-repair. This role of MTs is peculiar in young adult-age during transient stress and inflammation, but not in ageing because stress-like condition and inflammation are persistent. This may lead MTs to turn-off from role of protection in young age to deleterious one in ageing with subsequent appearance of age-related diseases (severe infections). The aim is to study the role played by MTs/IL-6/PARP-1 interplay on NK cell activity in elderly, in old infected patients (acute and remission phases by bronchopneumonia infection) and in health nonagenarian/centenarian subjects. MTmRNA is high in lymphocytes from elderly people coupled with high IL-6, low zinc ion bioavailability, decreased NK cell activity and impaired capacity of PARP-1 in base excision DNA-repair. The same trend in this altered physiological cascade during ageing also occurs in old infected patients (both acute and remission phases) with more marked immune damage, inflammatory condition and very impaired PARP-1 in base excision DNA-repair. By contrast, centenarian subjects display low MTmRNA, good zinc ion bioavailability, satisfactory NK cell activity and higher capacity of PARP-1 in base excision DNA-repair. These findings clearly demonstrate that the sequester of zinc by MTs in ageing is deleterious because leading to low zinc ion bioavailability with subsequent impairment of PARP-1 and NK cell activity and appearance of severe infections. Physiological zinc supply (12 mg Zn(++)/day) for 1 month in elderly and in old infected patients (remission phase) restores NK cells activity with values observed in health centenarians. Therefore, the zinc ion bioavailability by zinc-bound MTs homeostasis is pivotal to reach health longevity and successful ageing.

69. Zinc and immune function.

Dardenne M. CNRS UMR 8603, Universite Paris V, Hopital Necker, Paris, France. dardenne@necker.fr

Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S20-3.

It is well recognized that zinc is an essential trace element, influencing growth and affecting the development and integrity of the immune system. Research has begun to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of zinc on the immune function. It is clear that this trace element has a broad impact on key immunity mediators, such as enzymes, thymic peptides and cytokines, explaining the paramount importance of zinc's status on the regulation of lymphoid cell activation, proliferation and apoptosis. Ongoing and future studies regarding the immunological status of zinc deficiency 'at risk' groups could lead to public health interventions with nutritional doses of zinc supplements to prevent alteration of the immune system and improve resistance to infections.

70. Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites.

Scott ME, Koski KG. Institute of Parasitology, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.

J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1412S-20S.

Research on the complex interactions among host nutritional status, parasitic infection and immune responsiveness has focused on the detrimental consequences of parasitic infections on host nutritional status and on mechanisms by which malnutrition impairs immunocompetence. Curiously, relatively few studies have examined the effects of malnutrition on the immune response in the parasite-infected host, and even fewer have considered the events occurring at the intestinal level, where absorption of nutrients occurs, intestinal parasites reside, and the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissues play a role in directing both the local and the more systemic immune responses. Our work using a zinc-deficient nematode-infected mouse model reveals that parasites are better able to survive in the zinc-deficient hosts than in well-nourished hosts; that the production of interleukin-4 in the spleen of zinc-deficient mice is depressed, leading to depressed levels of IgE, IgG(1) and eosinophils; and that the function of T cells and antigen-presenting cells is impaired by zinc deficiency as well as by energy restriction. Given the paramount role of the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissues in inducing and regulating immune responses to intestinal parasites and in orchestrating responses in the spleen and peripheral circulation, we conclude that zinc deficiency (in association with energy restriction) exerts profound effects on the gut mucosal immune system, leading to changes in systemically disseminated immune responses and, importantly, to prolonged parasite survival.

71. Zinc-altered immune function and cytokine production.

Rink L, Kirchner H. Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Lubeck School of Medicine, Lubeck, Germany.

J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1407S-11S.

Although the intriguing role of zinc as an essential trace element for immune function is well established, particular progress in determining the molecular principles of action of this ion was made recently. Leukocyte responsiveness is delicately regulated by zinc concentration. Zinc deficiency as well as supraphysiologic levels impair immune function. Furthermore, the activities of many immunostimulants frequently used in immunologic studies are influenced by zinc concentration. Therefore, our knowledge from in vitro studies is widely dependent on the zinc concentration, and when not in physiologic range, immunologic responses are artificially low. Decreased production of TH1 cytokines and interferon-alpha by leukocytes in the healthy elderly person is correlated with low zinc serum level. The defect in interferon-alpha production is reconstituted by the addition of physiologic amounts of zinc in vitro. Interestingly, zinc induces cytokine production by isolated leukocytes. Zinc induces monocytes to produce interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and separated monocytes. This effect is higher in serum-free medium. However, only in the presence of serum does zinc also induce T cells to produce lymphokines. This effect on T cells is mediated by cytokines produced by monocytes. Stimulation also requires cell-to-cell contact of monocytes and T cells. Information is presented to illustrate the concepts that the zinc concentration must be taken into account whenever in vitro studies are made or complex alterations of immune functions are observed in vivo.

72. Zinc status and immune system relationship: a review.

Salgueiro MJ, Zubillaga M, Lysionek A, Cremaschi G, Goldman CG, Caro R, De Paoli T, Hager A, Weill R, Boccio J. Radioisotope Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 Sep;76(3):193-205.

The essentiality of zinc for humans was first documented by Prasad in the 1960s. The main clinical manifestations associated with zinc deficiency are growth retardation, hypogonadism, diarrhea, and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Thus, in the past 25 yr, there was an increased interest of researchers in studying the role of zinc in human immunity. Although mechanistic research has been carried out using animal models, there are several studies in humans with similar results. This work is an attempt to review the information available in this field to understand the important role that zinc plays in the normal development and function of the immune system.

73. Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts.

Prasad AS. Wayne State University, University Health Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. prasada@karmanos.org

J Infect Dis. 2000 Sep;182 Suppl 1:S62-8.

Nutritional deficiency of zinc is widespread throughout developing countries, and zinc-deficient persons have increased susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Zinc deficiency in an experimental human model caused an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 functions. Production of interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 (products of Th1) were decreased, whereas production of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 (products of Th2) were not affected during zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency decreased natural killer cell lytic activity and percentage of precursors of cytolytic T cells. In HuT-78, a Th0 cell line, zinc deficiency decreased gene expression of thymidine kinase, delayed cell cycle, and decreased cell growth. Gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors (both alpha and beta) and binding of NF-kappaB to DNA were decreased by zinc deficiency in HuT-78. Decreased production of IL-2 in zinc deficiency may be due to decreased activation of NF-kappaB and subsequent decreased gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors.

74. Zinc status in patients with alveolar echinococcosis is related to disease progression.

Wellinghausen N, Jochle W, Reuter S, Flegel WA, Grunert A, Kern P. Section of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 89081 Ulm, Germany.

Parasite Immunol. 1999 May;21(5):237-41.

Zinc is an essential trace element for immune function that plays a role in immune response against parasites. To determine a possible relationship between zinc level and disease status in alveolar echinococcosis (AE), we investigated serum concentrations of zinc, immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgG, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in 40 AE patients and 20 controls. Patients were classified into three groups: group A: patients after curative surgery, group B: patients with stabilized disease, group C: patients with progressive disease. Patients showed significantly higher levels of IgE and IgG than controls. Amounts of IgE and IgG were related to disease severity, achieving highest levels in group C and lowest in group A. Zinc levels were comparable in patients and controls. However, there was an obvious association between zinc concentration and disease severity. Zinc was far below the normal range in group C (median 9.2 micromol/l) and significantly diminished compared to group B and controls. An inverse pattern was seen for CRP. In conclusion, lowered zinc concentration in progressive cases may be caused by enhanced immune activation but consumption of zinc by the growing parasite may also play a role. Furthermore, decreased zinc levels may contribute to the observed immunosuppression in AE.

75. Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and in noncancer subjects.

Prasad AS; Beck FW; Grabowski SM; Kaplan J; Mathog RH Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

Proc Assoc Am Physicians Jan 1997, 109 (1) p68-77

Cell-mediated immune dysfunctions and susceptibility to infections have been observed in zinc -deficient human subjects. In this study, we investigated the production of cytokines and characterized the T-cell subpopulations in three groups of mildly zinc -deficient subjects. These included head and neck cancer patients, healthy volunteers who were found to have a dietary deficiency of zinc, and healthy volunteers in whom we induced zinc deficiency experimentally by dietary means. We used cellular zinc criteria for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency. We assayed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the production of cytokines from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and assessed by flow cytometry the differences in T-cell subpopulations. Our studies showed that the cytokines produced by TH1 cells were particularly sensitive to zinc status, inasmuch as the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma were decreased even though the deficiency of zinc was mild in our subjects. TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6) were not affected by zinc deficiency. Natural killer cell lytic activity also was decreased in zinc -deficient subjects. Recruitment of naive T cells (CD4+CD45 RA+) and CD8+ CD73+ CD11b-, precursors of cytolytic T cells, were decreased in mildly zinc -deficient subjects. An imbalance between the functions of TH1 and TH2 cells and changes in T-cell subpopulations are most probably responsible for cell-mediated immune dysfunctions in zinc deficiency.

76. Serum thymic factor activity in deficiencies of calories, zinc, vitamin A and pyridoxine.

Chandra RK, Heresi G, Au B

Clin Exp Immunol 1980 Nov;42(2):332-5

Cell-mediated immunity is invariably impaired in protein-energy malnutrition. The effect of selected nutrient deficiencies on serum thymic factor activity was assessed in deprived rats and pair-fed controls. Deficits of calories, zinc or pyridoxine resulted in significant lowering of serum thymic factor activity whereas vitamin A deficiency did not have any effect. It is suggested that variants nutrients modulate different steps of cell-mediated immunity and that reduced thymic hormone activity may be the underlying mechanism of impaired immunity in some but not all nutritional deficiencies.

77. Zinc and immune function.

Dardenne M. CNRS UMR 8603, Universite Paris V, Hopital Necker, Paris, France. dardenne@necker.fr

Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S20-3.

78. Preventive nutrition: disease-specific dietary interventions for older adults.

Johnson K; Kligman EW Dept. of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson.

Geriatrics Nov 1992, 47 (11) p39-40, 45-9

Disease prevention through dietary management is a cost-effective approach to promoting healthy aging. Fats, cholesterol, soluble fiber, and the trace elements copper and chromium affect the morbidity and mortality of CHD. Decreasing sodium and increasing potassium intake improves control of hypertension. Calcium and magnesium may also have a role in controlling hypertension. The antioxidant vitamins A and beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and the trace mineral selenium may protect against types of cancer. A decrease in simple carbohydrates and an increase in soluble dietary fiber may normalize moderately elevated blood glucose levels. Deficiencies of zinc or iron diminish immune function . Adequate levels of calcium and vitamin D can help prevent senile osteoporosis in both older men and women. (27 Refs.)

79. Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts.

Prasad AS. Wayne State University, University Health Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. prasada@karmanos.org

J Infect Dis. 2000 Sep;182 Suppl 1:S62-8.

80. Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and in noncancer subjects.

Prasad AS; Beck FW; Grabowski SM; Kaplan J; Mathog RH Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

Proc Assoc Am Physicians Jan 1997, 109 (1) p68-77

81. Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites.

Scott ME, Koski KG. Institute of Parasitology, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.

J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1412S-20S.

82. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection.

Shankar AH; Prasad AS Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ashankar@jhsph.edu

Am J Clin Nutr Aug 1998, 68 (2 Suppl) p447S-463S

Zinc is known to play a central role in the immune system, and zinc-deficient persons experience increased susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. The immunologic mechanisms whereby zinc modulates increased susceptibility to infection have been studied for several decades. It is clear that zinc affects multiple aspects of the immune system, from the barrier of the skin to gene regulation within lymphocytes. Zinc is crucial for normal development and function of cells mediating nonspecific immunity such as neutrophils and natural killer cells. Zinc deficiency also affects development of acquired immunity by preventing both the outgrowth and certain functions of T lymphocytes such as activation, Th1 cytokine production, and B lymphocyte help. Likewise, B lymphocyte development and antibody production, particularly immunoglobulin G, is compromised. The macrophage, a pivotal cell in many immunologic functions, is adversely affected by zinc deficiency, which can dysregulate intracellular killing, cytokine production, and phagocytosis. The effects of zinc on these key immunologic mediators is rooted in the myriad roles for zinc in basic cellular functions such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation. Apoptosis is potentiated by zinc deficiency. Zinc also functions as an antioxidant and can stabilize membranes. This review explores these aspects of zinc biology of the immune system and attempts to provide a biological basis for the altered host resistance to infections observed during zinc deficiency and supplementation. (271Refs.) MACULAR

83. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: an update.

Hyman L, Neborsky R. Stony Brook University, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8036, USA. lhyman@notes.cc.sunysb.edu

Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun;13(3):171-5.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the United States and other western nations. Limited treatment is available, and there are no established means of prevention. The detection of modifiable risk factors is important to suggest preventive behaviors that can reduce disease occurrence or prevent the progression to the late stages of AMD. Results of recent studies suggest that the etiology and pathogenesis of AMD are a complex interaction of genetic and external factors. Although a number of factors seem promising, only age and cigarette smoking are confirmed as increasing AMD risk. Other factors that most likely play a significant role in AMD are nutritional factors, e.g., antioxidants, and hypertension or other underlying atherosclerotic disease processes. The results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study suggest a moderate beneficial effect of antioxidant, vitamin, and zinc supplementation in reducing progression to severe AMD.

84. [Antioxidants and angiogenetic factor associated with age-related macular degeneration (exudative type)]

Ishihara N; Yuzawa M; Tamakoshi A Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (Japan) Mar 1997, 101 (3) p248-51

To confirm the hypothesis that antioxidants and angiogenetic factors may be associated with the development of age-related macular degeneration (exudative type), we compared serum levels of vitamins A, C, and E and carotinoid, zinc, selenium and b-FGF (basic-fibroblast growth factor) in 35 patients with age-related macular degeneration (exudative type) with the levels in 66 controls. The average serum zinc level was significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group. Serum vitamin E-alpha levels also tended to be lower. Most serum b-FGF levels were below the standard value in each group. Based on the above results, we conclude that subnormal levels of zinc and vitamin E may be associated with the development of age-related macular degeneration.

85. Nutrition in the elderly.

Morley JE, Mooradian AD, Silver AJ, Heber D, Alfin-Slater RB. Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.

Ann Intern Med. 1988 Dec 1;109(11):890-904.

Nutritional modulation is one approach to successful aging. In animals, dietary restriction increases life span. Alterations in the macronutrient and micronutrient constituent of the diet can modulate gene expression. Anorexia is common in elderly persons. The results of studies in animals suggest that aging is associated with a decrease in the opioid feeding drive and an increase in the satiating effect of cholecystokinin. Unrecognized depression is a common, treatable cause of anorexia and weight loss in elderly persons. Protein synthesis decreases in elderly persons; nevertheless, nitrogen balance can be maintained in patients with fairly low intakes of protein. Carbohydrate intolerance is common and may be modulated by nutritional intervention and physical activity. The role of cholesterol in the development of heart disease in very old persons is controversial. Homebound and institutionalized elderly persons often do not expose their skin to sunlight; because the skin of older persons has a decreased ability to form vitamin D, the vitamin D status in these persons is precarious and they are at risk for osteopenia. Vitamins are often abused by elderly persons. Drug administration alters the vitamin requirements of persons. Borderline zinc state has been associated with deteriorating immune function, especially in persons who have diabetes mellitus or who abuse alcohol. Zinc administration appears to protect against the deteriorating vision associated with age-related macular degeneration. Selenium deficiency seems to be associated with an increased prevalence of cancer.

OSTEOPOROSIS

86. Increased incidence of fractures in middle-aged and elderly men with low intakes of phosphorus and zinc.

Elmstahl S, Gullberg B, Janzon L, Johnell O, Elmstahl B. Department of Community Medicine, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. solve.elmstahl@smi.mas.lu.se

Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(4):333-40.

The aim of the study was to determine dietary risk factors for fracture in men aged 46-68 years. Six thousand five hundred and seventy-six men were randomly invited using the Municipal Registry to a diet and health study. The diet was assessed using a combined 7-day menu book for hot meals, beverages and dietary supplements and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for other foods. The fracture incidence was 103/10,000 person-years during a mean follow-up of 2.4 years. Zinc and phosphorus intake were associated with fracture risk and showed a threshold effect. The zinc intake in the lowest decentile, 10 mg daily, was associated with almost a doubled risk of fracture compared with the fourth and fifth quintiles (RR = 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 27-82) of zinc intake adjusted for energy, previous fractures, lifestyle factors and co-morbidity. Energy-adjusted phosphorus intake in the lowest quintile, mean level 1357 mg, was associated with an increased fracture risk compared with subjects in the second quintile. Smoking, martial status and physical activity were independently associated with fracture risk. Calcium, retinol and vitamin D showed no associations with fracture risk. We conclude that inadequate intakes of zinc and phosphorus are important risk factors for fracture.

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

87. Evidence of functional zinc deficiency in Parkinson's disease.

Forsleff L, Schauss AG, Bier ID, Stuart S. School of Community Health Service, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA.

J Altern Complement Med. 1999 Feb;5(1):57-64.

One of the primary areas of investigation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of the dopamine-producing cells in the melanized neurons of the substantia nigra, believed to be caused by oxidative stress resulting from excessive free radical activity. The cuprozinc enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SODCu2Zn2), catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide plus oxygen, and is normally found in high concentrations in the substantia nigra where it protects neurons by scavenging free radicals. Zinc supplementation has been shown to significantly increase SODCu2Zn2 in vitro. A novel oral zinc tally test (ZTT) used in the assessment of zinc status was administered to 100 PD patients and 25 controls. Patients with PD showed a significantly decreased zinc status as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Significance was also established for 3 self-reported health-related variables thought to be related to zinc status: vision problems, olfactory loss, and taste loss (p < 0.05). Relative risks for patients with PD for these variables were 1.51, 1.56, and 1.33, respectively. Zinc status as measured by the ZTT is negatively correlated with PD status. PD status is positively correlated with self-reported vision problems, and olfactory and taste loss. Further study of the role of zinc in the development and treatment of PD is warranted.

PROSTATE

88. Carcinogenicity of oral cadmium in the male Wistar (WF/NCr) rat: Effect of chronic dietary zinc deficiency Waalkes M.P.; Rehm S. Lab. of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 USA Fundam. Aappl Toxicol. (USA), 1992, 19/4 (512-520) The effect of chronic dietary zinc deficiency on the carcinogenic potential of dietary cadmium was assessed in male Wistar (WF/NCr) rats. Groups (n = 28) of rats were fed diets adequate (60 ppm) or marginally deficient (7 ppm) in zinc and containing cadmium at various levels (0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 ppm). Lesions were assessed over the following 77 weeks. Zinc deficiency alone had no effect on survival, growth, or food consumption. Cadmium treatment did not reduce survival or food consumption and only at the highest doses of cadmium (100 and 200 ppm) was body weight reduced (maximum 17%). The incidence of prostatic proliferative lesions, both hyperplasias and adenomas, was increased over that seen in controls (1.8%) in both zinc-adequate (20%) and zinc-deficient rats (14%) fed 50 ppm cadmium. The overall incidence for prostatic lesions for all cadmium treatment groups was, however, much lower in zinc-deficient rats, possibly because of a marked increase in prostatic atrophy that was associated with reduced zinc intake. Cadmium treatment resulted in an elevated leukemia incidence (maximum 4.8-fold over control) in both zinc-adequate and zinc-deficient groups, although zinc deficiency reduced the potency of cadmium in this respect. Testicular tumors were significantly elevated only in rats receiving 200 ppm cadmium and diets adequate in zinc. Both zinc-deficient and zinc-adequate groups showed significant positive trends for development of testicular neoplasia with increasing cadmium dosage. Thus, oral cadmium exposure is clearly associated with tumors of the prostate, testes, and hematopoietic system in rats, while dietary zinc deficiency has complex, apparently inhibitory, effects on cadmium carcinogenesis by this route.

89. Zinc, vitamin A and prostatic cancer

Whelan P.; Walker B.E.; Kelleher J. Dep. Urol., St. James's Univ. Hosp., Leeds LS9 7TF United Kingdom

Br. J. Urol. (England), 1983, 55/5 (525-528)

The serum zinc, vitamin A, albumin, copper and retinoid-binding protein content was measured in 27 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 19 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. A significantly lower (P = < 0.05) level of serum zinc was found in the cancer group as well as a significant zinc/vitamin A correlation (P = < 0.05). The possible significance of this in relation to the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the prostate is discussed.

SKIN AGING

90. Evidence supporting zinc as an important antioxidant for skin.

Rostan EF, DeBuys HV, Madey DL, Pinnell SR. Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Int J Dermatol. 2002 Sep;41(9):606-11.

Antioxidants play a critical role in keeping skin healthy. The antioxidant benefits of vitamin C and E are well known, but the importance of the trace mineral, zinc, has been overlooked. This article reviews the evidence supporting zinc's antioxidant role in protecting against free radical-induced oxidative damage. Zinc protects against UV radiation, enhances wound healing, contributes to immune and neuropsychiatric functions, and decreases the relative risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. All body tissues contain zinc; in skin, it is five to six times more concentrated in the epidermis than the dermis. Zinc is required for the normal growth, development and function of mammals. It is an essential element of more than 200 metalloenzymes, including the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, and affects their conformity, stability, and activity. Zinc also is important for the proper functioning of the immune system, and for glandular, reproductive and cell health. Abundant evidence demonstrates the antioxidant role of zinc. Topical zinc, in the form of divalent zinc ions, has been reported to provide antioxidant photoprotection for skin. Two antioxidant mechanisms have been proposed for zinc: zinc ions may replace redox active molecules, such as iron and copper, at critical sites in cell membranes and proteins; alternatively, zinc ions may induce the synthesis of metallothionein, sulfhydryl-rich proteins that protect against free radicals. No matter how they work, topical zinc ions may provide an important and helpful antioxidant defense for skin.

Wound Healing

91. The role of zinc in wound healing.

Andrews M, Gallagher-Allred C. Geriatric and Long Term Care Services, Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH, USA.

Adv Wound Care 1999 Apr;12(3):137-8

Zinc deficiency has been associated with delayed wound healing. Because zinc deficiency may be common in the United States, foods rich in zinc, as well as all other essential nutrients, should be promoted in the diet of patients who are malnourished or at risk for malnutrition. Effects of exogenous zinc supplementation on intestinal epithelial repair in vitro. Cario E, Jung S, Harder D'Heureuse J, Schulte C, Sturm A, Wiedenmann B, Goebell H, Dignass AU. University of Essen, Essen, Germany; Charite Medical School-Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany. Eur J Clin Invest 2000 May;30(5):419-28 BACKGROUND: Substitution of zinc modulates antioxidant capabilities within the intestinal mucosa and improves intestinal wound healing in zinc-deficient patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the modulating effects of zinc on intestinal epithelial cell function in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of zinc on intestinal epithelial cell morphology were assessed by phase contrast and transmission electron microscopy using the non-transformed small intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Zinc-induced apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation analysis, lactate dehydrogluase (LDH) release and flow cytometry with propidium iodine staining. Furthermore, the effects of zinc on IEC-6 cell proliferation were assessed using a colorimetric thiazolyl blue (MTT) assay and on IEC-6 cell restitution using an in vitro wounding model. RESULTS: Physiological concentrations of zinc (25 microM) did not significantly alter the morphological appearance of IEC-6 cells. However, a 10-fold higher dose of zinc (250 microM) induced epithelial cell rounding, loss of adherence and apoptotic characteristics. While physiological zinc concentrations (< 100 microM) did not induce apoptosis, supraphysiological zinc concentrations (> 100 microM) caused apoptosis. Physiological concentrations of zinc (6.25-50 microM) had no significant effect on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. In contrast, physiological concentrations of zinc (12.5-50 microM) significantly enhanced epithelial cell restitution through a transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-independent mechanism. Simultaneous addition of TGFbeta and zinc resulted in an additive stimulation of IEC-6 cell restitution. CONCLUSION: Zinc may promote intestinal epithelial wound healing by enhancement of epithelial cell restitution, the initial step of epithelial wound healing. Zinc supplementation may improve epithelial repair; however, excessive amounts

Zinc: 1000 Citations

1: Nowak G, Szewczyk B, Wieronska JM, Branski P, Palucha A, Pilc A, Sadlik K, Piekoszewski W.
Antidepressant-like effects of acute and chronic treatment with zinc in forced
swim test and olfactory bulbectomy model in rats.
Brain Res Bull. 2003 Jul 15;61(2):159-64.
PMID: 12832002

2: Lambert JC, Zhou Z, Wang L, Song Z, McClain CJ, Kang YJ.
Prevention of alterations in intestinal permeability is involved in zinc
inhibition of acute ethanol-induced liver damage in mice.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):880-6. Epub 2003 Mar 06.
PMID: 12626662

3: Roldan S, Winkel EG, Herrera D, Sanz M, Van Winkelhoff AJ.
The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium
chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a
dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study.
J Clin Periodontol. 2003 May;30(5):427-34.
PMID: 12716335

4: Winkel EG, Roldan S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Sanz M.
Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium
chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind
placebo-controlled study.
J Clin Periodontol. 2003 Apr;30(4):300-6.
PMID: 12694427

5: Orbak R, Cicek Y, Tezel A, Dogru Y.
Effects of zinc treatment in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
Dent Mater J. 2003 Mar;22(1):21-9.
PMID: 12790293

6: Mossad SB.
Effect of zincum gluconicum nasal gel on the duration and symptom severity of
the common cold in otherwise healthy adults.
QJM. 2003 Jan;96(1):35-43.
PMID: 12509647

7: McElroy BH, Miller SP.
Effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges (Cold-Eeze) against the common
cold in school-aged subjects: a retrospective chart review.
Am J Ther. 2002 Nov-Dec;9(6):472-5.
PMID: 12424502

8: Nowak G, Szewczyk B.
Mechanisms contributing to antidepressant zinc actions.
Pol J Pharmacol. 2002 Nov-Dec;54(6):587-92. Review.
PMID: 12866713

9: Putt MS, Yu D, Kohut BE.
Inhibition of calculus formation by dentifrice formulations containing
essential oils and zinc.
Am J Dent. 2002 Oct;15(5):335-8.
PMID: 12537346

10: Rostan EF, DeBuys HV, Madey DL, Pinnell SR.
Evidence supporting zinc as an important antioxidant for skin.
Int J Dermatol. 2002 Sep;41(9):606-11. Review.
PMID: 12358835

11: Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, Sommerfelt H, Bhan MK.
Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomised controlled trial in an urban slum.
BMJ. 2002 Jun 8;324(7350):1358.
PMID: 12052800

12: Oken E, Duggan C.
Update on micronutrients: iron and zinc.
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2002 Jun;14(3):350-3. Review.
PMID: 12011679

13: Cho YH, Lee SJ, Lee JY, Kim SW, Lee CB, Lee WY, Yoon MS.
Antibacterial effect of intraprostatic zinc injection in a rat model of chronic
bacterial prostatitis.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002 Jun;19(6):576-82.
PMID: 12135851

14: Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, Sommerfelt H, Bhan MK.
Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc
supplementation in young north Indian children.
Pediatrics. 2002 Jun;109(6):e86.
PMID: 12042580

15: Strand TA, Chandyo RK, Bahl R, Sharma PR, Adhikari RK, Bhandari N, Ulvik RJ, Molbak K, Bhan MK, Sommerfelt H.
Effectiveness and efficacy of zinc for the treatment of acute diarrhea in young
children.
Pediatrics. 2002 May;109(5):898-903.
PMID: 11986453

16: Lowe NM, Lowe NM, Fraser WD, Jackson MJ.
Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis?
Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 May;61(2):181-5. Review.
PMID: 12133199

17: Karyadi E, West CE, Schultink W, Nelwan RH, Gross R, Amin Z, Dolmans WM,
Schlebusch H, van der Meer JW.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vitamin A and zinc supplementation
in persons with tuberculosis in Indonesia: effects on clinical response and
nutritional status.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Apr;75(4):720-7.
PMID: 11916759

18: Afonne OJ, Orisakwe OE, Obi E, Dioka CE, Ndubuka GI.
Nephrotoxic actions of low-dose mercury in mice: protection by zinc.
Arch Environ Health. 2002 Mar-Apr;57(2):98-102.
PMID: 12194165

19: Hwang IK, Go VL, Harris DM, Yip I, Song MK.
Effects of arachidonic acid plus zinc on glucose disposal in genetically
diabetic (ob/ob) mice.
Diabetes Obes Metab. 2002 Mar;4(2):124-31.
PMID: 11940110

20: Su JC, Birmingham CL.
Zinc supplementation in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
Eat Weight Disord. 2002 Mar;7(1):20-2. Review.
PMID: 11930982

21: Tsocheva-Gaitandjieva NT, Gabrashanska MP, Tepavitcharova S.
Trace element levels in the liver of rats with acute and chronic fascioliasis and after treatment with zinc-copper hydroxochloride mixed crystals.
J Helminthol. 2002 Mar;76(1):87-90.
PMID: 12018202

22: Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Fung EB, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA.
Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with
sickle cell disease.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;75(2):300-7.
PMID: 11815322

23: Yoshida S, Tomita H.
A case of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome whose major complaint, taste disturbance,
was improved by zinc therapy.
Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002;(546):154-8.
PMID: 12132614

24: Rahman MM, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO.
Synergistic effect of zinc and vitamin A on the biochemical indexes of vitamin
A nutrition in children.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jan;75(1):92-8.
PMID: 11756065

25: Prasad AS, Kucuk O.
Zinc in cancer prevention.
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):291-5. Review.
PMID: 12549767

26: Yoshida Y, Higashi T, Nouso K, Nakatsukasa H, Nakamura SI, Watanabe A,
Tsuji T.
Effects of zinc deficiency/zinc supplementation on ammonia metabolism in
patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.
Acta Med Okayama. 2001 Dec;55(6):349-55.
PMID: 11779097

27: Jampol LM, Ferris FL 3rd.
Antioxidants and zinc to prevent progression of age-related macular
degeneration.
JAMA. 2001 Nov 21;286(19):2466-8. No abstract available.
PMID: 11759670

28: Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal.
Effects of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants on micronutrient
status and growth.
J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11):2860-5.
PMID: 11694609

29: Fong LY, Nguyen VT, Farber JL.
Esophageal cancer prevention in zinc-deficient rats: rapid induction of
apoptosis by replenishing zinc.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Oct 17;93(20):1525-33.
PMID: 11604475

30: Takagi H, Nagamine T, Abe T, Takayama H, Sato K, Otsuka T, Kakizaki S,
Hashimoto Y, Matsumoto T, Kojima A, Takezawa J, Suzuki K, Sato S, Mori M.
Zinc supplementation enhances the response to interferon therapy in patients
with chronic hepatitis C.
J Viral Hepat. 2001 Sep;8(5):367-71.
PMID: 11555194

31: Christian P, Khatry SK, Yamini S, Stallings R, LeClerq SC, Shrestha SR,
Pradhan EK, West KP Jr.
Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring
night vision in pregnant Nepalese women.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1045-51.
PMID: 11382658

32: Najda J, Stella-Holowiecka B, Machalski M.
Low-dose zinc administration as an effective Wilson's disease treatment.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Jun;80(3):281-4.
PMID: 11508632

33: Iitaka M, Kakinuma S, Fujimaki S, Oosuga I, Fujita T, Yamanaka K, Wada S,
Katayama S.
Induction of apoptosis and necrosis by zinc in human thyroid cancer cell lines.
J Endocrinol. 2001 May;169(2):417-24.
PMID: 11312158

34: Yang HM, Chai JK, Guo ZR.
[Effect of improved topical agents on healing time of deep second-degree burn
wound]
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2001 May;15(3):162-4. Chinese.
PMID: 11393958

35: Khatun UH, Malek MA, Black RE, Sarkar NR, Wahed MA, Fuchs G, Roy SK.
A randomized controlled clinical trial of zinc, vitamin A or both in
undernourished children with persistent diarrhea in Bangladesh.
Acta Paediatr. 2001 Apr;90(4):376-80.
PMID: 11332926

36: Yoshikawa Y, Ueda E, Miyake H, Sakurai H, Kojima Y.
Insulinomimetic bis(maltolato)zinc(II) complex: blood glucose normalizing
effect in KK-A(y) mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Mar16;281(5):1190-3.
PMID: 11243860

37: Hotz C, Brown KH.
Identifying populations at risk of zinc deficiency: the use of supplementation
trials.
Nutr Rev. 2001 Mar;59(3 Pt 1):80-4. Review.
PMID: 11330625

38: Ho E, Quan N, Tsai YH, Lai W, Bray TM.
Dietary zinc supplementation inhibits NFkappaB activation and protects against
chemically induced diabetes in CD1 mice.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Feb;226(2):103-11.
PMID: 11446433

39: Dreno B, Moyse D, Alirezai M, Amblard P, Auffret N, Beylot C, Bodokh I,
Chivot M, Daniel F, Humbert P, Meynadier J, Poli F; Acne Research and Study
Group.
Multicenter randomized comparative double-blind controlled clinical trial of
the safety and efficacy of zinc gluconate versus minocycline hydrochloride in
the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris.
Dermatology. 2001;203(2):135-40.
PMID: 11586012

40: Bhutta ZA, Bird SM, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Hidayat A, Khatun F,
Martorell R, Ninh NX, Penny ME, Rosado JL, Roy SK, Ruel M, Sazawal S, Shankar A.
Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children
in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Dec;72(6):1516-22.
PMID: 11101480

41: Saple DG, Ravichandran G, Desai A.
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of ketoconazole 2% and zinc pyrithione 1%
shampoo in patients with moderate to severe dandruff--a postmarketing study.
J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 Dec;98(12):810-1.
PMID: 11394481

42: Hirt M, Nobel S, Barron E.
Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: a double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial.
Ear Nose Throat J. 2000 Oct;79(10):778-80, 782.
PMID: 11055098

43: Sayeg Porto MA, Oliveira HP, Cunha AJ, Miranda G, Guimaraes MM, Oliveira
WA, dos Santos DM.
Linear growth and zinc supplementation in children with short stature.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep-Oct;13(8):1121-8.
PMID: 11085191

44: Umeta M, West CE, Haidar J, Deurenberg P, Hautvast JG.
Zinc supplementation and stunted infants in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled
trial.
Lancet. 2000 Jun 10;355(9220):2021-6.
PMID: 10885352

45: Goel A, Chauhan DP, Dhawan DK.
Protective effects of zinc in chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxicity: a
biochemical and trace elemental study.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 May;74(2):171-83.
PMID: 11051590

46: Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M.
Therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against
opportunistic infections.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1424S-31S. Review.
PMID: 10801955

47: Williams DR.
Chemical speciation applied to bio-inorganic chemistry.
J Inorg Biochem. 2000 Apr;79(1-4):275-83. Review.
PMID: 10830878

48: Tahmaz L, Gokalp A, Kibar Y, Kocak I, Yalcin O, Ozercan Y.
Effect of hypothyroidism on the testes in mature rats and treatment with
levothyroxine and zinc.
Andrologia. 2000 Mar;32(2):85-9.
PMID: 10755190

49: Cacic M, Percl M, Jadresin O, Kolacek S.
[The role of zinc in the initial treatment of Wilson's disease in children]
Lijec Vjesn. 2000 Mar;122(3-4):77-81. Serbo-Croatian (Roman).
PMID: 10932534

50: Penland JG.
Behavioral data and methodology issues in studies of zinc nutrition in humans.
J Nutr. 2000 Feb;130(2S Suppl):361S-364S. Review.
PMID: 10721907

51: Rawal SB, Singh MV, Tyagi AK, Roy J, Dimri GP, Selvamurthy W.
Effect of time exposure to high altitude on zinc and copper concentrations in
human plasma.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999 Dec;70(12):1161-5.
PMID: 10596768

52: Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Gore S, Hidayat A, Khatun F,
Martorell R, Ninh NX, Penny ME, Rosado JL, Roy SK, Ruel M, Sazawal S, Shankar A.

Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in
developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc
Investigators' Collaborative Group.
J Pediatr. 1999 Dec;135(6):689-97.
PMID: 10586170

53: Penny ME, Peerson JM, Marin RM, Duran A, Lanata CF, Lonnerdal B, Black RE,
Brown KH.
Randomized, community-based trial of the effect of zinc supplementation, with
and without other micronutrients, on the duration of persistent childhood
diarrhea in Lima, Peru.
J Pediatr. 1999 Aug;135(2 Pt 1):208-17.
PMID: 10431116

54: Prasad AS, Beck FW, Kaplan J, Chandrasekar PH, Ortega J, Fitzgerald JT,
Swerdlow P.
Effect of zinc supplementation on incidence of infections and hospital
admissions in sickle cell disease (SCD).
Am J Hematol. 1999 Jul;61(3):194-202.
PMID: 10398312

55: Roy SK, Tomkins AM, Haider R, Behren RH, Akramuzzaman SM, Mahalanabis D,
Fuchs GJ.
Impact of zinc supplementation on subsequent growth and morbidity in
Bangladeshi children with acute diarrhoea.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jul;53(7):529-34.
PMID: 10452407

56: Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Figueroa A.
Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate supplements improves maternal and
neonatal zinc status in a Peruvian population.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1257-63.
PMID: 10357748

57: Nishiyama S, Kiwaki K, Miyazaki Y, Hasuda T.
Zinc and IGF-I concentrations in pregnant women with anemia before and after
supplementation with iron and/or zinc.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Jun;18(3):261-7.
PMID: 10376783

58: Vega Robledo GB, Carrero JC, Ortiz-Ortiz L.
Effect of zinc on Entamoeba histolytica pathogenicity.
Parasitol Res. 1999 Jun;85(6):487-92.
PMID: 10344543

59: Liu T, Walker JS, Tracey DJ.
Zinc alleviates thermal hyperalgesia due to partial nerve injury.
Neuroreport. 1999 May 14;10(7):1619-23.
PMID: 10380992

60: Erdogan M, Ilhan YS, Akkus MA, Caboglu SA, Ozercan I, Ilhan N, Yaman M.
Effects of L-thyroxine and zinc therapy on wound healing in hypothyroid rats.
Acta Chir Belg. 1999 Apr;99(2):72-7.
PMID: 10352736

61: Andrews M, Gallagher-Allred C.
The role of zinc in wound healing.
Adv Wound Care. 1999 Apr;12(3):137-8. Review.
PMID: 10655793

62: Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M, Gaetti R, Veccia S, Viticchi C, Scalise G.
Contribution of zinc to reduce CD4+ risk factor for 'severe' infection relapse
in aging: parallelism with HIV.
Int J Immunopharmacol. 1999 Apr;21(4):271-81.
PMID: 10408635

63: Dastych M.
[Serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium in patients with Wilson's disease
treated with zinc]
Vnitr Lek. 1999 Apr;45(4):217-9. Czech.
PMID: 11045182

64: Faruque AS, Mahalanabis D, Haque SS, Fuchs GJ, Habte D.
Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of zinc or vitamin A supplementation
in young children with acute diarrhoea.
Acta Paediatr. 1999 Feb;88(2):154-60.
PMID: 10102147

65: Kolsteren P, Rahman SR, Hilderbrand K, Diniz A.
Treatment for iron deficiency anaemia with a combined supplementation of iron,
vitamin A and zinc in women of Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;53(2):102-6.
PMID: 10099942

66: Macknin ML.
Zinc lozenges for the common cold.
Cleve Clin J Med. 1999 Jan;66(1):27-32. Review.
PMID: 9926628

67: Flora SJ, Gubrelay U, Kannan GM, Mathur R.
Effects of zinc supplementation during chelating agent administration in
cadmium intoxication in rats.
J Appl Toxicol. 1998 Sep-Oct;18(5):357-62.
PMID: 9804436

68: Batra N, Nehru B, Bansal MP.
The effect of zinc supplementation on the effects of lead on the rat testis.
Reprod Toxicol. 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):535-40.
PMID: 9763245

69: Black RE.
Therapeutic and preventive effects of zinc on serious childhood infectious
diseases in developing countries.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):476S-479S. Review.
PMID: 9701163

70: Fuchs GJ.
Possibilities for zinc in the treatment of acute diarrhea.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):480S-483S. Review.
PMID: 9701164

71: Blain D, Kubow S, Chan HM.
Zinc pretreatment inhibits isotretinoin teratogenicity and induces embryonic
metallothionein in CD-1 mice.
J Nutr. 1998 Jul;128(7):1239-46.
PMID: 9649612

72: Marshall S.
Zinc gluconate and the common cold. Review of randomized controlled trials.
Can Fam Physician. 1998 May;44:1037-42. Review.
PMID: 9612589

73: Tobia MH, Zdanowicz MM, Wingertzahn MA, McHeffey-Atkinson B, Slonim AE,
Wapnir RA.
The role of dietary zinc in modifying the onset and severity of spontaneous
diabetes in the BB Wistar rat.
Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Mar;63(3):205-13.
PMID: 9608543

74: Garland ML, Hagmeyer KO.
The role of zinc lozenges in treatment of the common cold.
Ann Pharmacother. 1998 Jan;32(1):63-9. Review.
PMID: 9475824

75: Eby GA.
Zinc ion availability--the determinant of efficacy in zinc lozenge treatment of
common colds.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 Oct;40(4):483-93.
PMID: 9372416

76: Novick SG, Godfrey JC, Pollack RL, Wilder HR.
Zinc-induced suppression of inflammation in the respiratory tract, caused by
infection with human rhinovirus and other irritants.
Med Hypotheses. 1997 Oct;49(4):347-57. Review.
PMID: 9352505

77: Roy SK, Tomkins AM, Akramuzzaman SM, Behrens RH, Haider R, Mahalanabis D,
Fuchs G.
Randomised controlled trial of zinc supplementation in malnourished Bangladeshi
children with acute diarrhoea.
Arch Dis Child. 1997 Sep;77(3):196-200.
PMID: 9370894

78: Ochi K, Ohashi T, Kinoshita H, Akagi M, Kikuchi H, Mitsui M, Kaneko T, Kato
I.
[The serum zinc level in patients with tinnitus and the effect of zinc
treatment]
Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1997 Sep;100(9):915-9. Japanese.
PMID: 9339660

79: Cakman I, Kirchner H, Rink L.
Zinc supplementation reconstitutes the production of interferon-alpha by
leukocytes from elderly persons.
J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1997 Aug;17(8):469-72.
PMID: 9282827

80: Darmon N, Pelissier MA, Candalh C, Chappuis P, Blaton MA, Albrecht R,
Desjeux JF, Heyman M.
Zinc and intestinal anaphylaxis to cow's milk proteins in malnourished guinea
pigs.
Pediatr Res. 1997 Aug;42(2):208-13.
PMID: 9262224

81: Bandyopadhyay B, Bandyopadhyay SK.
Protective effect of zinc gluconate on chemically induced gastric ulcer.
Indian J Med Res. 1997 Jul;106:27-32.
PMID: 9248212

82: Sazawal S, Jalla S, Mazumder S, Sinha A, Black RE, Bhan MK.
Effect of zinc supplementation on cell-mediated immunity and lymphocyte subsets
in preschool children.
Indian Pediatr. 1997 Jul;34(7):589-97.
PMID: 9401251

83: Penland JG, Sandstead HH, Alcock NW, Dayal HH, Chen XC, Li JS, Zhao F, Yang
JJ.
A preliminary report: effects of zinc and micronutrient repletion on growth and
neuropsychological function of urban Chinese children.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Jun;16(3):268-72.
PMID: 9176834

84: Ruel MT, Rivera JA, Santizo MC, Lonnerdal B, Brown KH.
Impact of zinc supplementation on morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory
infections among rural Guatemalan children.
Pediatrics. 1997 Jun;99(6):808-13.
PMID: 9164774

85: Tandon SK, Singh S, Prasad S, Mathur N.
Influence of L-lysine and zinc administration during exposure to lead or lead
and ethanol in rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Apr;57(1):51-8.
PMID: 9258468

86: Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet-Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J,
Preziosi P, Hercberg S.
Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized
elderly subjects: a controlled trial.
Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41(2):98-107.
PMID: 9267584

87: Friis H, Ndhlovu P, Mduluza T, Kaondera K, Sandstrom B, Michaelsen KF,
Vennervald BJ, Christensen NO.
The impact of zinc supplementation on Schistosoma mansoni reinfection rate and
intensities: a randomized, controlled trial among rural Zimbabwean
schoolchildren.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jan;51(1):33-7.
PMID: 9023465

88: Taylor CG, McCutchon TL, Boermans HJ, DiSilvestro RA, Bray TM.
Comparison of Zn and vitamin E for protection against hyperoxia-induced lung
damage.
Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(3):543-50.
PMID: 8981047

89: Zhao YJ, Yang GY, Domino EF.
Zinc protoporphyrin, zinc ion, and protoporphyrin reduce focal cerebral
ischemia.
Stroke. 1996 Dec;27(12):2299-303.
PMID: 8969797

90: Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ, Novick SG.
Zinc for treating the common cold: review of all clinical trials since 1984.
Altern Ther Health Med. 1996 Nov;2(6):63-72.
PMID: 8942045

91: Trubiani O, Antonucci A, Palka G, Di Primio R.
Programmed cell death of peripheral myeloid precursor cells in Down patients:
effect of zinc therapy.
Ultrastruct Pathol. 1996 Sep-Oct;20(5):457-62.
PMID: 8883330

92: Nishiyama S, Inomoto T, Nakamura T, Higashi A, Matsuda I.
Zinc status relates to hematological deficits in women endurance runners.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1996 Aug;15(4):359-63.
PMID: 8829091

93: Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P.
Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jul 15;125(2):81-8.
PMID: 8678384

94: Heyneman CA.
Zinc deficiency and taste disorders.
Ann Pharmacother. 1996 Feb;30(2):186-7. Review.
PMID: 8835055

95: Sazawal S, Black RE, Bhan MK, Jalla S, Bhandari N, Sinha A, Majumdar S.
Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of persistent diarrhea and dysentery
among low socioeconomic children in India.
J Nutr. 1996 Feb;126(2):443-50.
PMID: 8632217

96: Garcia Tamayo F, Terrazas Valdes LI, Malpica Lopez N.
Zinc administration prevents wasting in stressed mice.
Arch Med Res. 1996 Autumn;27(3):319-25.
PMID: 8854388

97: Young B, Ott L, Kasarskis E, Rapp R, Moles K, Dempsey RJ, Tibbs PA, Kryscio
R, McClain C.
Zinc supplementation is associated with improved neurologic recovery rate and
visceral protein levels of patients with severe closed head injury.
J Neurotrauma. 1996 Jan;13(1):25-34.
PMID: 8714860

98: Gogu SR, Agrawal KC.
The protective role of zinc and N-acetylcysteine in modulating zidovudine
induced hematopoietic toxicity.
Life Sci. 1996;59(16):1323-9.
PMID: 8876661

99: Leszek J, Kiejna A, Beszlej JA, Inglot AD, Borys J.
[Successful therapy of the psychiatric patient with catatonic paranoidal
syndrome and monitoring of induced cytokine production]
Psychiatr Pol. 1996 Jan-Feb;30(1):65-74. Polish.
PMID: 8722240

100: Satija NK, Vij AG.
Preventive action of zinc against lead toxicity.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995 Oct;39(4):377-82.
PMID: 8582750

101: Sazawal S, Black RE, Bhan MK, Bhandari N, Sinha A, Jalla S.
Zinc supplementation in young children with acute diarrhea in India.
N Engl J Med. 1995 Sep 28;333(13):839-44.
PMID: 7651474

102: Mocchegiani E, Veccia S, Ancarani F, Scalise G, Fabris N.
Benefit of oral zinc supplementation as an adjunct to zidovudine (AZT) therapy
against opportunistic infections in AIDS.
Int J Immunopharmacol. 1995 Sep;17(9):719-27.
PMID: 8582783

103: Castillo-Duran C, Rodriguez A, Venegas G, Alvarez P, Icaza G.
Zinc supplementation and growth of infants born small for gestational age.
J Pediatr. 1995 Aug;127(2):206-11.
PMID: 7636643

104: Williamson A, Spencer D.
Zinc reduces dentate granule cell hyperexcitability in epileptic humans.
Neuroreport. 1995 Jul 31;6(11):1562-4.
PMID: 7579149

105: Kajanachumpol S, Srisurapanon S, Supanit I, Roongpisuthipong C, Apibal S.
Effect of zinc supplementation on zinc status, copper status and cellular
immunity in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.
J Med Assoc Thai. 1995 Jul;78(7):344-9.
PMID: 7658178

106: Moonga BS, Dempster DW.
Zinc is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro.
J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Mar;10(3):453-7.
PMID: 7785467

107: Peretz A, Cantinieaux B, Neve J, Siderova V, Fondu P.
Effects of zinc supplementation on the phagocytic functions of
polymorphonuclears in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1994 Dec;8(3-4):189-94.
PMID: 7599511

108: Gimenez A, Pares A, Alie S, Camps J, Deulofeu R, Caballeria J, Rodes J.
Fibrogenic and collagenolytic activity in carbon-tetrachloride-injured rats:
beneficial effects of zinc administration.
J Hepatol. 1994 Sep;21(3):292-8.
PMID: 7836696

109: Castillo-Duran C, Garcia H, Venegas P, Torrealba I, Panteon E, Concha N,
Perez P.
Zinc supplementation increases growth velocity of male children and adolescents
with short stature.
Acta Paediatr. 1994 Aug;83(8):833-7.
PMID: 7981560

110: Stoll AL, Oepen G.
Zinc salts for the treatment of olfactory and gustatory symptoms in psychiatric
patients: a case series.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;55(7):309-11.
PMID: 7915275

111: Badulici S, Chirulescu Z, Chirila P, Chirila M, Rosca A.
Treatment with zincum metallicum CH5 in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Preliminary study.
Rom J Intern Med. 1994 Jul-Sep;32(3):215-9.
PMID: 7866338

112: Sustrova M, Strbak V.
Thyroid function and plasma immunoglobulins in subjects with Down's syndrome
(DS) during ontogenesis and zinc therapy.
J Endocrinol Invest. 1994 Jun;17(6):385-90.
PMID: 7930384

113: Brewer GJ, Dick RD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Johnson V, Wang Y.
Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. XIII: Therapy with zinc in
presymptomatic patients from the time of diagnosis.
J Lab Clin Med. 1994 Jun;123(6):849-58.
PMID: 8201263

114: Mahajan PM, Jadhav VH, Patki AH, Jogaikar DG, Mehta JM.
Oral zinc therapy in recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum: a clinical study.
Indian J Lepr. 1994 Jan-Mar;66(1):51-7.
PMID: 7983392

115: Arreola F, Paniagua R, Perez A, Diaz-Bensussen S, Junco E, Villalpando S,
Exaire E.
Effect of zinc treatment on serum thyroid hormones in uremic patients under
peritoneal dialysis.
Horm Metab Res. 1993 Oct;25(10):539-42.
PMID: 8262464

116: Van de Wal Y, Van der Sluys Veer A, Verspaget HW, Mulder TP, Griffioen G,
Van Tol EA, Pena AS, Lamers CB.
Effect of zinc therapy on natural killer cell activity in inflammatory bowel
disease.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Jun;7(3):281-6.
PMID: 8364133

117: Brignola C, Belloli C, De Simone G, Evangelisti A, Parente R, Mancini R,
Iannone P, Mocheggiani E, Fabris N, Morini MC, et al.
Zinc supplementation restores plasma concentrations of zinc and thymulin in
patients with Crohn's disease.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Jun;7(3):275-80.
PMID: 8364132

118: Hemalatha P, Bhaskaram P, Khan MM.
Role of zinc supplementation in the rehabilitation of severely malnourished
children.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993 Jun;47(6):395-9.
PMID: 8365381

119: Shrivastava SP, Roy AK, Jana UK.
Zinc supplementation in protein energy malnutrition.
Indian Pediatr. 1993 Jun;30(6):779-82.
PMID: 8132259

120: Jameson S.
Zinc status in pregnancy: the effect of zinc therapy on perinatal mortality,
prematurity, and placental ablation.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Mar 15;678:178-92. Review.
PMID: 8494261

121: Hu HL, Chen RD, Ma LH.
Protective effect of zinc on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine in rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jul;34(1):27-33.
PMID: 1382519

122: Godfrey JC, Conant Sloane B, Smith DS, Turco JH, Mercer N, Godfrey NJ.
Zinc gluconate and the common cold: a controlled clinical study.
J Int Med Res. 1992 Jun;20(3):234-46.
PMID: 1397668

123: Liu XY, Jin TY, Nordberg GF, Rannar S, Sjostrom M, Zhou Y.
A multivariate study of protective effects of Zn and Cu against nephrotoxicity
induced by cadmium metallothionein in rats.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;114(2):239-45.
PMID: 1609416

124: Krasowska D.
[Acrodermatitis enteropathica--congenital zinc deficiency syndrome]
Wiad Lek. 1992 Jun;45(11-12):454-7. Review. Polish.
PMID: 1441530

125: Coogan TP, Bare RM, Waalkes MP.
Cadmium-induced DNA strand damage in cultured liver cells: reduction in cadmium
genotoxicity following zinc pretreatment.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992 Apr;113(2):227-33.
PMID: 1561631

126: Isa L, Lucchini A, Lodi S, Giachetti M.
Blood zinc status and zinc treatment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected
patients.
Int J Clin Lab Res. 1992;22(1):45-7.
PMID: 1633319

127: Segawa Y, Tsuzuike N, Itokazu Y, Tagashira E, Yamaguchi M.
beta-Alanyl-L-histidinato zinc prevents hydrocortisone-induced disorder of bone
metabolism in rats.
Res Exp Med (Berl). 1992;192(5):317-22.
PMID: 1439196

128: Muskiet FA, Muskiet FD, Meiborg G, Schermer JG.
Supplementation of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease with zinc,
alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, soybean oil, and fish oil.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Oct;54(4):736-44.
PMID: 1716847

129: Lal A.
Effect of zinc sulphate on infarct size in experimental myocardial infarction
in dogs.
Indian J Med Res. 1991 Aug;94:316-9.
PMID: 1959965

130: Uspenskaia ID.
[The efficacy of the use of lactic acid lactobacterin enriched with zinc in the
treatment of patients with celiac disease]
Vopr Pitan. 1991 Jul-Aug;(4):24-7. Russian.
PMID: 1792743

131: Hrabac B, Radovic S.
[Protective effect of zinc in chromium poisoning in rats]
Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1991 Jun;42(2):215-23. Serbo-Croatian (Roman).
PMID: 1888280

132: Segreto VA, Collins EM, D'Agostino R, Cancro LP, Pfeifer HJ, Gilbert RJ.
Anticalculus effect of a dentifrice containing 0.5% zinc citrate trihydrate.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1991 Feb;19(1):29-31.
PMID: 2019086

133: Seyoum GG, Persaud TV.
Can methionine and zinc prevent the embryopathic effects of alcohol?
Med Hypotheses. 1991 Feb;34(2):153-6.
PMID: 2041490

134: Sakly R, Zarrouk K, Achour A, Hedhili A, Mbazzaa A.
[Comparative study between the anti-lithogenic action of zinc and copper
against oxalic lithiasis in the rat]
Ann Urol (Paris). 1991;25(5):250-3. French.
PMID: 1776873

135: Mei W, Dong ZM, Liao BL, Xu HB.
Study of immune function of cancer patients influenced by supplemental zinc or
selenium-zinc combination.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991 Jan;28(1):11-9.
PMID: 1711885

136: Cavdar AO, Bahceci M, Akar N, Erten J, Yavuz H.
Effect of zinc supplementation in a Turkish woman with two previous
anencephalic infants.
Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1991;32(2):123-5.
PMID: 1748322

137: Whitehouse MW, Rainsford KD, Taylor RM, Vernon-Roberts B.
Zinc monoglycerolate: a slow-release source of zinc with anti-arthritic
activity in rats.
Agents Actions. 1990 Aug;31(1-2):47-58.
PMID: 2285022

138: Leibovici V, Statter M, Weinrauch L, Tzfoni E, Matzner Y.
Effect of zinc therapy on neutrophil chemotaxis in psoriasis.
Isr J Med Sci. 1990 Jun;26(6):306-9.
PMID: 2380030

139: Arakawa T, Satoh H, Nakamura A, Nebiki H, Fukuda T, Sakuma H, Nakamura H,
Ishikawa M, Seiki M, Kobayashi K.
Effects of zinc L-carnosine on gastric mucosal and cell damage caused by
ethanol in rats. Correlation with endogenous prostaglandin E2.
Dig Dis Sci. 1990 May;35(5):559-66.
PMID: 2331952

140: Endre L.
[Successful treatment of recurrent ulcerative stomatitis, associated with
cellular immune defect and hypozincaemia, by oral administration of zinc
sulfate]
Orv Hetil. 1990 Mar 4;131(9):475-7. Review. Hungarian.
PMID: 2179814

141: Sachdev HP, Mittal NK, Yadav HS.
Oral zinc supplementation in persistent diarrhoea in infants.
Ann Trop Paediatr. 1990 Mar;10(1):63-9.
PMID: 1694647

142: Herkovits J, Perez-Coll CS.
Zinc protection against delayed development produced by cadmium.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990 Mar;24(3):217-21.
PMID: 1702674

143: Schachner L, Eaglstein W, Kittles C, Mertz P.
Topical erythromycin and zinc therapy for acne.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Feb;22(2 Pt 1):253-60.
PMID: 2138176

144: Agren MS.
Studies on zinc in wound healing.
Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1990;154:1-36.
PMID: 2275309

145: Napolitano G, Palka G, Grimaldi S, Giuliani C, Laglia G, Calabrese G, Satta
MA, Neri G, Monaco F.
Growth delay in Down syndrome and zinc sulphate supplementation.
Am J Med Genet Suppl. 1990;7:63-5.
PMID: 2149976

146: Song MK, Adham NF.
Role of zinc in treatment of experimental acute pancreatitis in mice.
Dig Dis Sci. 1989 Dec;34(12):1905-10.
PMID: 2480871

147: Lee DY, Brewer GJ, Wang YX.
Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. VII. Protection of the liver from
copper toxicity by zinc-induced metallothionein in a rat model.
J Lab Clin Med. 1989 Dec;114(6):639-45.
PMID: 2592854

148: Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Lee DY, Appelman H.
Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. VI. Initial treatment studies.
J Lab Clin Med. 1989 Dec;114(6):633-8.
PMID: 2592853

149: Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Brewer GJ, Abrams GD, Main B, Giacherio D.
Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. V. Changes in serum levels of lipase,
amylase, and alkaline phosphatase in patients with Wilson's disease.
J Lab Clin Med. 1989 Nov;114(5):520-6.
PMID: 2478644

150: Frigo A, Tambalo C, Bambara LM, Biasi D, Marrella M, Milanino R, Moretti U,
Velo G, De Sandre G.
[Zinc sulfate in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis]
Recenti Prog Med. 1989 Nov;80(11):577-81. Italian.
PMID: 2623320

151: Disney JA, Graves RC, Cancro L, Payonk G, Stewart P.
An evaluation of 6 dentifrice formulations for supragingival anticalculus and
antiplaque activity.
J Clin Periodontol. 1989 Sep;16(8):525-8.
PMID: 2550524

152: Kampov-Polevoi AB, Skal'nyi AV.
[A decrease in the acute toxicity of ethanol produced by zinc sulfate]
Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1989 Mar;107(3):317-8. Russian.
PMID: 2713471

153: Pastorfide GB, Gorgonio NM, Ganzon AR, Alberto RM.
Zinc chloride spray--magnesium hydroxide ointment dual topical regimen in the
treatment of obstetric and gynecologic incisional wounds.
Clin Ther. 1989 Mar-Apr;11(2):258-63.
PMID: 2660997

154: Giertsen E, Scheie AA, Rolla G.
Dose-related effects of ZnCl2 on dental plaque formation and plaque
acidogenicity in vivo.
Caries Res. 1989;23(4):272-7.
PMID: 2790863

155: Escolar G, Bulbena O.
Zinc compounds, a new treatment in peptic ulcer.
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1989;15(2):83-9. Review.
PMID: 2661183

156: Banos JE, Bulbena O.
Zinc compounds as therapeutic agents in peptic ulcer.
Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1989;11 Suppl 1:117-22. Review.
PMID: 2657281

157: Grimm WD, Curth K, Koch M, Nossek H, Uhlmann S, Walther C.
[Clinically controlled, integrated study on plaque inhibition with
zinc-fluoride-hexetidin]
Stomatol DDR. 1989 Jan;39(1):16-20. German.
PMID: 2623709

158: Kukhtevich AV, Ermolenko VM, Bunatian AF, Gitel' EP, Smirnova GA.
[Zinc and parlodel: the treatment potentials for retardation of growth and
sexual development in nephropathies in adolescents]
Ter Arkh. 1989;61(10):106-12. Russian.
PMID: 2609255

159: Hughes G, McLean NR.
Zinc oxide tape: a useful dressing for the recalcitrant finger-tip and
soft-tissue injury.
Arch Emerg Med. 1988 Dec;5(4):223-7.
PMID: 3233136

160: Sachdev HP, Mittal NK, Mittal SK, Yadav HS.
A controlled trial on utility of oral zinc supplementation in acute dehydrating
diarrhea in infants.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1988 Nov-Dec;7(6):877-81.
PMID: 3058919

161: Simmer K, Khanum S, Carlsson L, Thompson RP.
Nutritional rehabilitation in Bangladesh--the importance of zinc.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jun;47(6):1036-40.
PMID: 3132034

162: Kaur U, Bambery P, Bhushnurmath SR, Deodhar SD, Dilawari JB.
Successful long term oral zinc in florid Wilson's disease: a case report.
Trop Geogr Med. 1988 Apr;40(2):161-5.
PMID: 3407008

163: Newsome DA, Swartz M, Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller E.
Oral zinc in macular degeneration.
Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Feb;106(2):192-8.
PMID: 3277606

164: Samochocka K, Ryzewski J, Kossakowska M.
The antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of HEPIDA-Ca and HEPIDA-Zn
complex compounds.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1988;36(3):377-80.
PMID: 3250359

165: Sanada S, Kuze M, Yoshida O.
[Beneficial effect of zinc supplementation on pruritus in hemodialysis patients
with special reference to changes in serum histamine levels]
Hinyokika Kiyo. 1987 Dec;33(12):1955-60. Japanese.
PMID: 3448919

166: Leyh F.
[Zinc--a new therapeutic principle in dermatology?]
Z Hautkr. 1987 Jul 15;62(14):1064, 1069-72, 1075. Review. German.
PMID: 3307194

167: Takihara H, Cosentino MJ, Cockett AT.
Zinc sulfate therapy for infertile male with or without varicocelectomy.
Urology. 1987 Jun;29(6):638-41.
PMID: 3576896

168: Castillo-Duran C, Heresi G, Fisberg M, Uauy R.
Controlled trial of zinc supplementation during recovery from malnutrition:
effects on growth and immune function.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Mar;45(3):602-8.
PMID: 3103416

169: Uien LT, Lien FT, Lien DK, Tien KhV, Tin' ZV, Lien PK.
[Effect of zinc on the body in protein-calorie malnutrition]
Vopr Pitan. 1987 Mar-Apr;(2):42-4. Russian. Erratum in: Vopr Pitan 1987
Jul-Aug;(4):78.
PMID: 3109119

170: Tikkiwal M, Ajmera RL, Mathur NK.
Effect of zinc administration on seminal zinc and fertility of oligospermic
males.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1987 Jan-Mar;31(1):30-4.
PMID: 3666872

171: Labadie H, Verneau A, Trinchet JC, Beaugrand M.
[Does oral zinc improve the cellular immunity of patients with alcoholic
cirrhosis?]
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1986 Dec;10(12):799-803. French.
PMID: 3803821

172: Olivi O, Balli F, Olivi F.
[A new and original therapy for seborrheic dermatitis]
Pediatr Med Chir. 1986 May-Jun;8(3):407-9. Italian.
PMID: 2947051

173: Brownie CF, Brownie C, Noden D, Krook L, Haluska M, Aronson AL.
Teratogenic effect of calcium edetate (CaEDTA) in rats and the protective
effect of zinc.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986 Mar 15;82(3):426-43.
PMID: 3082037

174: Mathe G, Misset JL, Gil-Delgado M, Musset M, Reizenstein P, Canon C.
A phase II trial of immunorestoration with zinc gluconate in immunodepressed
cancer patients.
Biomed Pharmacother. 1986;40(10):383-5.
PMID: 3495300

175: Alexiou D, Hatzis T, Koutselinis A.
[Maintenance treatment of Wilson's disease with oral zinc. Apropos of a child
treated for 4 years]
Arch Fr Pediatr. 1985 Jun-Jul;42(6):447-9. French.
PMID: 4051676

176: McMillan DA, Schnell RC.
Amelioration of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity in the male rat by zinc.
Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1985 Apr;5(2):297-304.
PMID: 3988000

177: Antoniou LD, Shalhoub RJ.
Zinc-induced enhancement of lymphocyte function and viability in chronic
uremia.
Nephron. 1985;40(1):14-21.
PMID: 3873624

178: Grekas D, Tsakalos N, Giannopoulos Z, Tourkantonis A.
Effect of zinc treatment on cell mediated immunity of chronic renal failure
patients.
Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc. 1985;21:825-9.
PMID: 3991579

179: Ramadori G, Keidl E, Hutteroth T, Dormeyer HH, Manns M, Meyer zum
Buschenfelde KH.
[Oral zinc in Wilson disease--an alternative to D-penicillamine]
Z Gastroenterol. 1985 Jan;23(1):25-9. German.
PMID: 4060799

180: Dixon JS, Bird HA, Surrall KE, Sitton NG, Wright V.
A comparison of therapies which may influence trace metals in rheumatoid
arthritis.
Clin Rheumatol. 1984 Dec;3(4):451-7.
PMID: 6525784

181: Stromberg HE, Agren MS.
Topical zinc oxide treatment improves arterial and venous leg ulcers.
Br J Dermatol. 1984 Oct;111(4):461-8.
PMID: 6386033

182: Hunt IF, Murphy NJ, Cleaver AE, Faraji B, Swendseid ME, Coulson AH, Clark
VA, Browdy BL, Cabalum T, Smith JC Jr.
Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: effects on selected blood constituents
and on progress and outcome of pregnancy in low-income women of Mexican descent.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Sep;40(3):508-21.
PMID: 6475822

183: Hoogenraad TU, Van den Hamer CJ, Van Hattum J.
Effective treatment of Wilson's disease with oral zinc sulphate: two case
reports.
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Aug 4;289(6440):273-6.
PMID: 6430436

184: Krebs NF, Hambidge KM, Walravens PA.
Increased food intake of young children receiving a zinc supplement.
Am J Dis Child. 1984 Mar;138(3):270-3.
PMID: 6702773

185: Prasad AS, Cossack ZT.
Zinc supplementation and growth in sickle cell disease.
Ann Intern Med. 1984 Mar;100(3):367-71.
PMID: 6696358

186: Song MK, Adham NF, Costea NV.
Effect of different levels of dietary zinc on longevity of BALB/c mice
inoculated with plasmacytoma MOPC 104E.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Mar;72(3):647-52.
PMID: 6583446

187: Lamphere DN, Dorn CR, Reddy CS, Meyer AW.
Reduced cadmium body burden in cadmium-exposed calves fed supplemental zinc.
Environ Res. 1984 Feb;33(1):119-29.
PMID: 6692806

188: Walldius G, Michaelsson G, Hardell LI, Aberg H.
The effects of diet and zinc treatment on the fatty acid composition of serum
lipids and adipose tissue and on serum lipoproteins in two adolescent patients
with acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Oct;38(4):512-22.
PMID: 6624693

189: Mansour MM, Mikhail MM, Guirgis NI.
Effect of zinc supplementation on S. mansoni-infected hamsters.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1983 Oct;77(5):517-21.
PMID: 6660957

190: Takihara H, Cosentino MJ, Cockett AT.
Effect of low-dose androgen and zinc sulfate on sperm motility and seminal zinc
levels in infertile men.
Urology. 1983 Aug;22(2):160-4.
PMID: 6879889

191: Mathur NK, Bumb RA, Mangal HN.
Oral zinc in recurrent Erythema Nodosum Leprosum reaction.
Lepr India. 1983 Jul;55(3):547-52.
PMID: 6656212

192: Watson AR, Stuart A, Wells FE, Houston IB, Addison GM.
Zinc supplementation and its effect on taste acuity in children with chronic
renal failure.
Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1983 May;37(3):219-25.
PMID: 6347985

193: Narbaitz R, Riedel KD, Kacew S.
Induction of feather malformations in chick embryos by cadmium: protection by
zinc.
Teratology. 1983 Apr;27(2):207-13.
PMID: 6867942

194: Tanaka H, Inomata K, Arima M.
Zinc supplementation in ethanol-treated pregnant rats increases the metabolic
activity in the fetal hippocampus.
Brain Dev. 1983;5(6):549-54.
PMID: 6199999

195: Main AN, Hall MJ, Russell RI, Fell GS, Mills PR, Shenkin A.
Clinical experience of zinc supplementation during intravenous nutrition in
Crohn's disease: value of serum and urine zinc measurements.
Gut. 1982 Nov;23(11):984-91.
PMID: 6813200

196: Wolowa F.
[Treatment of alopecia areata totalis and maligna with Solvezink (author's
transl)]
Z Hautkr. 1982 Mar 15;57(6):393-405. German.
PMID: 7080589

197: Collipp PJ, Castro-Magana M, Petrovic M, Thomas J, Cheruvanky T, Chen SY,
Sussman H.
Zinc deficiency: improvement in growth and growth hormone levels with oral zinc
therapy.
Ann Nutr Metab. 1982;26(5):287-90.
PMID: 7137951

198: Soderberg T, Hallmans G, Bartholdson L.
Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with adhesive zinc tape.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;16(3):261-6.
PMID: 7167780

199: Owens CW, Al-Khader AA, Jackson MJ, Prichard BN.
A severe 'stasis eczema', associated with low plasma zinc, treated successfully
with oral zinc.
Br J Dermatol. 1981 Oct;105(4):461-4.
PMID: 7295559

200: Golden MH, Golden BE.
Effect of zinc supplementation on the dietary intake, rate of weight gain, and
energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe
malnutrition.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 May;34(5):900-8.
PMID: 6786072

201: Ohlsson A.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica Reversibility of cerebral atrophy with zinc
therapy.
Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981 Mar;70(2):269-73.
PMID: 7234413

202: Brody I.
Topical treatment of recurrent herpes simplex and post-herpetic erythema
multiforme with low concentrations of zinc sulphate solution.
Br J Dermatol. 1981 Feb;104(2):191-4.
PMID: 7213551

203: Prasad AS, Abbasi AA, Rabbani P, DuMouchelle E.
Effect of zinc supplementation on serum testosterone level in adult male sickle
cell anemia subjects.
Am J Hematol. 1981;10(2):119-27.
PMID: 6786094

204: Businco L, Menghi AM, Rossi P, D'Amelio R, Galli E.
Zinc-dependent chemotactic defect in an infant with acrodermatitis.
Arch Dis Child. 1980 Dec;55(12):966-8.
PMID: 7458399

205: Feucht CL, Allen BS, Chalker DK, Smith JG Jr.
Topical erythromycin with zinc in acne. A double-blind controlled study.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980 Nov;3(5):483-91.
PMID: 6452464

206: Clemmensen OJ, Siggaard-Andersen J, Worm AM, Stahl D, Frost F, Bloch I.
Psoriatic arthritis treated with oral zinc sulphate.
Br J Dermatol. 1980 Oct;103(4):411-5.
PMID: 7002197

207: Mahajan SK, Prasad AS, Lambujon J, Abbasi AA, Briggs WA, McDonald FD.
Improvement of uremic hypogeusia by zinc: a double-blind study.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Jul;33(7):1517-21.
PMID: 6772011

208: Fahim MS, Brawner TA.
Treatment of genital herpes simplex virus in male patients.
Arch Androl. 1980 Feb;4(1):79-85.
PMID: 6243914

209: Wahba A.
Topical application of zinc-solutions: a new treatment for herpes simplex
infections of the skin?
Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;60(2):175-77.
PMID: 6155033

210: Liden S, Goransson K, Odsell L.
Clinical evaluation in acne.
Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1980;Suppl 89:47-52.
PMID: 6451126

211: Hallmans G, Elmros T.
Zinc tape treatment of burns infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an
experimental study on guinea pigs.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;14(3):221-7.
PMID: 7209407

212: Oleske JM, Westphal ML, Shore S, Gorden D, Bogden JD, Nahmias A.
Zinc therapy of depressed cellular immunity in acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Its correction.
Am J Dis Child. 1979 Sep;133(9):915-8.
PMID: 112858

213: Weischer CH, Greve J.
[Effects of zinc-aerosols on the inhalation toxicity of cadmium (author's
transl)]
Zentralbl Bakteriol [B]. 1979 May;168(3-4):266-72. German.
PMID: 225906

214: Shingwekar AG, Mohanram M, Reddy V.
Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and
retinol-binding protein in malnourished children.
Clin Chim Acta. 1979 Apr 2;93(1):97-100.
PMID: 108038

215: Weismann K, Christensen E, Dreyer V.
Zinc supplementation in alcoholic cirrhosis. A double-blind clinical trial.
Acta Med Scand. 1979;205(5):361-6.
PMID: 375690

216: Hoogenraad TU, Koevoet R, de Ruyter Korver EG.
Oral zinc sulphate as long-term treatment in Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular
degeneration).
Eur Neurol. 1979;18(3):205-11.
PMID: 477692

217: Steiner GA.
Successful treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate.
Am J Hosp Pharm. 1978 Dec;35(12):1535-8.
PMID: 717411

218: Emser W.
[A case of Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome and its zinc therapy (author's transl)]
Klin Padiatr. 1978 Jul;190(4):397-402. German.
PMID: 566822

219: Weismann K, Wanscher B, Krakauer R.
Oral zinc therapy in geriatric patients with selected skin manifestations and a
low plasma zinc level.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1978;58(2):157-61.
PMID: 76397

220: Baudon JJ, Fontaine JL, Larregue M, Feldmann G, Laplane R.
[Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Anatomo-clinical study of 2 familial cases
treated with zinc sulfate]
Arch Fr Pediatr. 1978 Jan;35(1):63-73. French.
PMID: 637663

221: Ogle CW, Cho CH.
Protection by zinc sulphate against reserpine-induced ulceration and other
gastric effects in the rat.
Pharmacology. 1978;17(5):254-61.
PMID: 81490

222: Cho CH, Ogle CW, Dai S.
Effects of zinc sulphate pretreatment on gastric acid secretion and lesion
formation in rats infused intravenously with graded doses of methacholine.
Pharmacology. 1978;17(1):32-8.
PMID: 80014

223: Hillstrom L, Pettersson L, Hellbe L, Kjellin A, Leczinsky CG, Nordwall C.
Comparison of oral treatment with zinc sulphate and placebo in acne vulgaris.
Br J Dermatol. 1977 Dec;97(6):681-4.
PMID: 146511

224: Golden MH, Jackson AA, Golden BE.
Effect of zinc on thymus of recently malnourished children.
Lancet. 1977 Nov 19;2(8047):1057-9.
PMID: 72960

225: Larregue M, Baudon JJ, Fontaine JL, Feldmann G, Laplane R.
[Acrodermatitis enteropathica; zinc sulfate therapy]
Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1977 Nov;104(11):737-44. French.
PMID: 612256

226: Rana SV.
Simultaneous protective effect of a new chelating agent and zinc, on the carbon
tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in squirrels.
Res Exp Med (Berl). 1977 Jul 18;170(3):217-27.
PMID: 897357

227: Margraf HW, Covey TH Jr.
A trial of silver-zinc-allantoinate in the treatment of leg ulcers.
Arch Surg. 1977 Jun;112(6):699-704.
PMID: 871247

228: Klippel AP, Margraf HW, Covey TH.
The use of silver-zinc-allantoin powder for the prehospital treatment of burns.
JACEP. 1977 May;6(5):184-6.
PMID: 870734

229: Merchant HW, Gangarosa LP, Glassman AB, Sobel RE.
Zinc sulfate supplementation for treatment of recurring oral ulcers.
South Med J. 1977 May;70(5):559-61.
PMID: 870981

230: Coello-Ramirez P.
[Acrodermatitis enteropathic treated with zinc sulfate. Report of a case]
Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1977 Mar-Apr;34(2):331-9. Spanish.
PMID: 843404

231: Braun-Falco O, von Liebe V.
[Zinc treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica (author's transl)]
MMW Munch Med Wochenschr. 1977 Jan 14;119(2):37-42. German.
PMID: 138080

232: Michaelsson G, Juhlin L, Vahlquist A.
Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne.
Arch Dermatol. 1977 Jan;113(1):31-6.
PMID: 137693

233: Reich H, Opitz K, Bertram HP, Fegeler K.
[Successful zinc treatment of a severe case of acrodermatitis enteropathica
(author's tteropathica]
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1976 Nov 19;101(47):1724-6. German.
PMID: 991759

234: Lynch WS, Roenigk HH Jr.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Successful zinc therapy.
Arch Dermatol. 1976 Sep;112(9):1304-7.
PMID: 999313

235: Lungarotti MS, Rufini S, Calabro A, Mariotti G, Ghebregzabher M, Monaldi B.
Treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulphate. Rerport of 3 cases.
Helv Paediatr Acta. 1976 Aug;31(2):117-20.
PMID: 955934

236: Leupold D, Poley JR, Meigel WN.
Zinc therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Helv Paediatr Acta. 1976 Aug;31(2):109-15.
PMID: 955933

237: Campo AG Jr, McDonald CJ.
Treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate.
Arch Dermatol. 1976 May;112(5):687-9.
PMID: 776091

238: Fox CL Jr, Modak SM, Stanford JW.
Zinc sulfadiazine for topical therapy of pseudomonas infection in burns.
Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976 Apr;142(4):553-9.
PMID: 816019

239: Reich H.
[Acrodermatitis enteropathica--zinc as a life-saving drug]
Hautarzt. 1976 Mar;27(3):95-100. German.
PMID: 818049

240: Frommer DJ.
The healing of gastric ulcers by zinc sulphate.
Med J Aust. 1975 Nov 22;2(21):793-6.
PMID: 1107772

241: Thyresson N.
[Zinc therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica]
Hautarzt. 1975 Aug;26(8):408-10. German.
PMID: 1176286

242: Neldner KH, Hambidge KM.
Zinc therapy of acrodermatitis enteropathica.
N Engl J Med. 1975 Apr 24;292(17):879-82.
PMID: 1090826

243: Michaelsson G.
[Zink--a new and successful therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica]
Lakartidningen. 1974 May 8;71(19):1959-61. Swedish. No abstract available.
PMID: 4829257

244: Ronaghy HA, Reinhold JG, Mahloudji M, Ghavami P, Fox MR, Halsted JA.
Zinc supplementation of malnourished schoolboys in Iran: increased growth and
other effects.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1974 Feb;27(2):112-21. No abstract available.
PMID: 4591425

245: Thyresson N.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Report of a case healed with zinc therapy.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1974;54(5):383-5. No abstract available.
PMID: 4138201

246: Fong LY, Mancini R, Nakagawa H, Rustgi AK, Huebner K.
Combined cyclin D1 overexpression and zinc deficiency disrupts cell cycle and
accelerates mouse forestomach carcinogenesis.
Cancer Res. 2003 Jul 15;63(14):4244-52.
PMID: 12874033

247: Roth HP.
Development of alimentary zinc deficiency in growing rats is retarded at low
dietary protein levels.
J Nutr. 2003 Jul;133(7):2294-301.
PMID: 12840196

248: Levenson CW.
Zinc regulation of food intake: new insights on the role of neuropeptide Y.
Nutr Rev. 2003 Jul;61(7):247-9. Review.
PMID: 12918877

249: Cui H, Jing F, Xi P.
Pathology of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius in zinc-deficient
ducklings.
Avian Pathol. 2003 Jun;32(3):259-64.
PMID: 12850914

250: Takeda A, Hirate M, Tamano H, Nisibaba D, Oku N.
Susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures under dietary zinc deficiency.
J Neurochem. 2003 Jun;85(6):1575-80.
PMID: 12787076

251: Siklar Z, Tuna C, Dallar Y, Tanyer G.
Zinc deficiency: a contributing factor of short stature in growth hormone
deficient children.
J Trop Pediatr. 2003 Jun;49(3):187-8.
PMID: 12848213

252: Takeda A, Hirate M, Tamano H, Oku N.
Release of glutamate and GABA in the hippocampus under zinc deficiency.
J Neurosci Res. 2003 May 15;72(4):537-42.
PMID: 12704815

253: Black MM.
The evidence linking zinc deficiency with children's cognitive and motor
functioning.
J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1473S-6S. Review.
PMID: 12730446

254: Black RE.
Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world.
J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1485S-9S. Review.
PMID: 12730449

255: Lind T, Lonnerdal B, Stenlund H, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Ekstrom EC,
Persson LA.
A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation
in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;77(4):883-90.
PMID: 12663287

256: Strand TA, Hollingshead SK, Julshamn K, Briles DE, Blomberg B, Sommerfelt
H.
Effects of zinc deficiency and pneumococcal surface protein a immunization on
zinc status and the risk of severe infection in mice.
Infect Immun. 2003 Apr;71(4):2009-13.
PMID: 12654820

257: tom Dieck H, Doring F, Roth HP, Daniel H.
Changes in rat hepatic gene expression in response to zinc deficiency as
assessed by DNA arrays.
J Nutr. 2003 Apr;133(4):1004-10.
PMID: 12672911

258: Sriniwas, Awasthi S, Kumar S, Srivastav RC.
Plasma zinc levels in early infancy in north India.
Indian Pediatr. 2003 Mar;40(3):235-8.
PMID: 12657757

259: Ochi K, Kinoshita H, Kenmochi M, Nishino H, Ohashi T.
Zinc deficiency and tinnitus.
Auris Nasus Larynx. 2003 Feb;30 Suppl:S25-8.
PMID: 12543156

260: Biringen Loker G, Ugur M, Yildiz M.
A partial supplementation of pasteurized milk with vitamin C, iron and zinc.
Nahrung. 2003 Feb;47(1):17-20.
PMID: 12653430

261: Chu Y, Mouat MF, Coffield JA, Orlando R, Grider A.
Expression of P2X6, a purinergic receptor subunit, is affected by dietary zinc
deficiency in rat hippocampus.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003 Jan;91(1):77-87.
PMID: 12713031

262: Abiaka C, Olusi S, Al-Awadhi A.
Reference ranges of copper and zinc and the prevalence of their deficiencies in
an Arab population aged 15-80 years.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003 Jan;91(1):33-43.
PMID: 12713027

263: Fong LY, Ishii H, Nguyen VT, Vecchione A, Farber JL, Croce CM, Huebner K.
p53 deficiency accelerates induction and progression of esophageal and
forestomach tumors in zinc-deficient mice.
Cancer Res. 2003 Jan 1;63(1):186-95.
PMID: 12517797

264: Baum MK, Campa A, Lai S, Lai H, Page JB.
Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use.
Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 Suppl 2:S117-23.
PMID: 12942385

265: Cui L, Blanchard RK, Cousins RJ.
The permissive effect of zinc deficiency on uroguanylin and inducible nitric
oxide synthase gene upregulation in rat intestine induced by interleukin 1alpha
is rapidly reversed by zinc repletion.
J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):51-6.
PMID: 12514266

266: Finamore A, Roselli M, Merendino N, Nobili F, Vignolini F, Mengheri E.
Zinc deficiency suppresses the development of oral tolerance in rats.
J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):191-8.
PMID: 12514289

267: Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Hong Y, Li S.
[Zinc deficiency on pathological changes of femur epiphyseal growth plate in rats]
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2003 Jan;32(1):16-9. Chinese.
PMID: 12731277

268: Ho E, Ames BN.
Low intracellular zinc induces oxidative DNA damage, disrupts p53, NFkappa B,
and AP1 DNA binding, and affects DNA repair in a rat glioma cell line.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16770-5. Epub 2002 Dec 12.
PMID: 12481036

269: Li Y, Yu ZL.
Effect of zinc on bone metabolism in fetal mouse limb culture.
Biomed Environ Sci. 2002 Dec;15(4):323-9.
PMID: 12642989

270: Kurihara N, Yanagisawa H, Sato M, Tien CK, Wada O.
Increased renal vascular resistance in zinc-deficient rats: role of nitric
oxide and superoxide.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2002 Dec;29(12):1096-104.
PMID: 12390298

271: Kanazawa S, Kitaoka T, Ueda Y, Gong H, Amemiya T.
Interaction of zinc and vitamin A on the ocular surface.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;240(12):1011-21. Epub 2002 Nov 19.
PMID: 12483324

272: Yeiser EC, Vanlandingham JW, Levenson CW.
Moderate zinc deficiency increases cell death after brain injury in the rat.
Nutr Neurosci. 2002 Oct;5(5):345-52.
PMID: 12385597

273: Perafan-Riveros C, Franca LF, Alves AC, Sanches JA Jr.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica: case report and review of the literature.
Pediatr Dermatol. 2002 Sep-Oct;19(5):426-31. Review.
PMID: 12383101

274: Dardenne M.
Zinc and immune function.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S20-3. Review.
PMID: 12142956

275: Sato M, Yanagisawa H, Nojima Y, Tamura J, Wada O.
Zn deficiency aggravates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats:
possible role of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase.
Clin Exp Hypertens. 2002 Jul;24(5):355-70.
PMID: 12109776

276: Tannhauser PP.
Anorexia nervosa: a multifactorial disease of nutritional origin?
Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 Jul-Sep;14(3):185-91.
PMID: 12467193

277: Yousef MI, El-Hendy HA, El-Demerdash FM, Elagamy EI.
Dietary zinc deficiency induced-changes in the activity of enzymes and the
levels of free radicals, lipids and protein electrophoretic behavior in growing rats.
Toxicology. 2002 Jun 14;175(1-3):223-34.
PMID: 12049850

278: Dorea JG.
Zinc deficiency in nursing infants.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Apr;21(2):84-7. Review.
PMID: 11999547

279: Hegge HH, Wielders JP, Slaets JP.
[Zinc deficiency in geriatric patients. A study on a geriatric department's
wheeling and dealing]
Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 2002 Apr;33(2):64-9. Dutch.
PMID: 12012944

280: Geng Z, Hong Y, Li S, Wang D.
[Effect of zinc deficiency on the behavior and calcium status of hippocampal neurons in rats]
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2002 Apr;31(2):90-2. Chinese.
PMID: 12561538

281: Gomez NN, Ojeda MS, Gimenez MS.
Lung lipid composition in zinc-deficient rats.
Lipids. 2002 Mar;37(3):291-6.
PMID: 11942480

282: Vora RM, Tullu MS, Bartakke SP, Kamat JR.
Infantile tremor syndrome and zinc deficiency.
Indian J Med Sci. 2002 Feb;56(2):69-72.
PMID: 12508616

283: Hidalgo MC, Exposito A, Palma JM, de la Higuera M.
Oxidative stress generated by dietary Zn-deficiency: studies in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;34(2):183-93.
PMID: 11809421

284: Cole AC, Shay NF, O'Brien S, Beverly JL.
Zinc-deficient rats are insensitive to glucoprivation caused by
2-deoxy-D-glucose.
Nutr Neurosci. 2002 Feb;5(1):59-64.
PMID: 11929199

285: Salgueiro MJ, Zubillaga M, Lysionek A, Caro R, Weill R, Boccio J.
Fortification strategies to combat zinc and iron deficiency.
Nutr Rev. 2002 Feb;60(2):52-8. Review.
PMID: 11852970

286: Tanaka M.
Secretory function of the salivary gland in patients with taste disorders or
xerostomia: correlation with zinc deficiency.
Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002;(546):134-41.
PMID: 12132611

287: Krebs NF, Westcott J.
Zinc and breastfed infants: if and when is there a risk of deficiency?
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002;503:69-75. Review.
PMID: 12026029

288: Gibson RS, Heath AL, Ferguson EL.
Risk of suboptimal iron and zinc nutriture among adolescent girls in Australia
and New Zealand: causes, consequences, and solutions.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11 Suppl 3:S543-52. Review.
PMID: 12492646

289: Duff M, Ettarh RR.
Crypt cell production rate in the small intestine of the zinc-supplemented
mouse.
Cells Tissues Organs. 2002;172(1):21-8.
PMID: 12364825

290: Wegener A, Heinitz M, Dwinger M.
Experimental evidence for interactive effects of chronic UV irradiation and
nutritional deficiencies in the lens.
Dev Ophthalmol. 2002;35:113-24.
PMID: 12061268

291: Kimmel PL, Langman CB, Bognar B, Faugere MC, Chawla LS, Watkins DW,
Malluche HH.
Zinc nutritional status modifies renal osteodystrophy in uremic rats.
Clin Nephrol. 2001 Dec;56(6):445-58.
PMID: 11770796

292: Kechrid Z, Bouzerna N, Zio MS.
Effect of low zinc diet on (65)Zn turnover in non-insulin dependent diabetic
mice.
Diabetes Metab. 2001 Nov;27(5 Pt 1):580-3.
PMID: 11694857

293: El Hendy HA, Yousef MI, Abo El-Naga NI.
Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters
and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats.
Toxicology. 2001 Oct 15;167(2):163-70.
PMID: 11567779

294: Ott ES, Shay NF.
Zinc deficiency reduces leptin gene expression and leptin secretion in rat
adipocytes.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Oct;226(9):841-6.
PMID: 11568307

295: Zhao C, Yang H, Jiang H, Han X.
[Effects of zinc deficiency on the distribution of elements in the tissue of
pregnant rats and their fetuses]
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2001 Sep;30(5):277-9. Chinese.
PMID: 12561592

296: Nodera M, Yanagisawa H, Wada O.
Increased apoptosis in a variety of tissues of zinc-deficient rats.
Life Sci. 2001 Aug 24;69(14):1639-49.
PMID: 11589504

297: Mahmoodi MR, Kimiagar SM.
Prevalence of zinc deficiency in junior high school students of Tehran City.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Aug;81(2):93-103.
PMID: 11554399

298: Strand TA, Briles DE, Gjessing HK, Maage A, Bhan MK, Sommerfelt H.
Pneumococcal pulmonary infection, septicaemia and survival in young
zinc-depleted mice.
Br J Nutr. 2001 Aug;86(2):301-6.
PMID: 11502245

299: Wang FD, Bian W, Kong LW, Zhao FJ, Guo JS, Jing NH.
Maternal zinc deficiency impairs brain nestin expression in prenatal and
postnatal mice.
Cell Res. 2001 Jun;11(2):135-41.
PMID: 11453545

300: Srinivas M, Gupta DK, Rathi SS, Grover JK, Vats V, Sharma JD, Mitra DK.
Association between lower hair zinc levels and neural tube defects.
Indian J Pediatr. 2001 Jun;68(6):519-22.
PMID: 11450382

301: Seshadri S.
Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency particularly of iron, zinc and folic
acid in pregnant women in South East Asia.
Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S87-92. Review.
PMID: 11509095

302: Black RE, Sazawal S.
Zinc and childhood infectious disease morbidity and mortality.
Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S125-9. Review.
PMID: 11509100

303: Bhatnagar S, Taneja S.
Zinc and cognitive development.
Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S139-45. Review.
PMID: 11509102

304: Wellinghausen N.
Immunobiology of gestational zinc deficiency.
Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S81-6. Review.
PMID: 11509094

305: Chou HC, Chien CL, Huang HL, Lu KS.
Effects of zinc deficiency on the vallate papillae and taste buds in rats.
J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 May;100(5):326-35.
PMID: 11432312

306: Gong H, Amemiya T.
Optic nerve changes in zinc-deficient rats.
Exp Eye Res. 2001 Apr;72(4):363-9.
PMID: 11273664

307: Grahn BH, Paterson PG, Gottschall-Pass KT, Zhang Z.
Zinc and the eye.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Apr;20(2 Suppl):106-18. Review.
PMID: 11349933

308: Penkowa M, Giralt M, Thomsen PS, Carrasco J, Hidalgo J.
Zinc or copper deficiency-induced impaired inflammatory response to brain
trauma may be caused by the concomitant metallothionein changes.
J Neurotrauma. 2001 Apr;18(4):447-63.
PMID: 11336445

309: Rossi L, Migliaccio S, Corsi A, Marzia M, Bianco P, Teti A, Gambelli L,
Cianfarani S, Paoletti F, Branca F.
Reduced growth and skeletal changes in zinc-deficient growing rats are due to
impaired growth plate activity and inanition.
J Nutr. 2001 Apr;131(4):1142-6.
PMID: 11285316

310: Satre MA, Jessen KA, Clegg MS, Keen CL.
Retinol binding protein expression is induced in HepG2 cells by zinc
deficiency.
FEBS Lett. 2001 Mar 2;491(3):266-71.
PMID: 11240140

311: Goto T, Komai M, Suzuki H, Furukawa Y.
Long-term zinc deficiency decreases taste sensitivity in rats.
J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2):305-10.
PMID: 11160551

312: Keller KA, Grider A, Coffield JA.
Age-dependent influence of dietary zinc restriction on short-term memory in
male rats.
Physiol Behav. 2001 Feb;72(3):339-48.
PMID: 11274675

313: Mori T, Tani T, Hanasawa K, Kodama M.
Effects of zinc deficiency and corticosterone elevation on bone marrow in rats.
Eur Surg Res. 2001;33(2):92-8.
PMID: 11399875

314: Chernekhovskaia NE, Galaeva EV.
[Zinc's biological in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer]
Ross Gastroenterol Zh. 2001;(1):30-4. Review. Russian.
PMID: 11565120

315: Micheletti A, Rossi R, Rufini S.
Zinc status in athletes: relation to diet and exercise.
Sports Med. 2001;31(8):577-82. Review.
PMID: 11475319

316: Lorentzen HF, Fugleholm AM, Weismann K.
[Zinc deficiency and pellagra in alcohol abuse]
Ugeskr Laeger. 2000 Dec 11;162(50):6854-6. Danish.
PMID: 11187143

317: Altuntas B, Filik B, Ensari A, Zorlu P, Tezic T.
Can zinc deficiency be used as a marker for the diagnosis of celiac disease in
Turkish children with short stature?
Pediatr Int. 2000 Dec;42(6):682-4.
PMID: 11192528

318: Leon-Espinosa de los Monteros MT, Gil Extremera B, Maldonado Martin A, Luna
del Castillo JD, Munoz Parra F, Ruiz Lopez MF, Huertas Hernandez F, Cobo
Martinez F.
[Zinc and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]
Rev Clin Esp. 2000 Dec;200(12):649-53. Spanish.
PMID: 11234469

319: Samman S.
Is zinc an important nutrient for women aged 40 and over?
Med J Aust. 2000 Nov 6;173 Suppl:S98-9.
PMID: 11149377

320: Agrawal R, Bedwal RS.
SDS-PAGE analysis of caput epididymis proteins in rats receiving a zinc
deficient diet.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Nov;38(11):1104-10.
PMID: 11395953

321: Sahin G, Ertem U, Duru F, Birgen D, Yuksek N.
High prevelance of chronic magnesium deficiency in T cell lymphoblastic
leukemia and chronic zinc deficiency in children with acute lymphoblastic
leukemia and malignant lymphoma.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2000 Nov;39(5-6):555-62.
PMID: 11342338

322: Rink L, Gabriel P.
Zinc and the immune system.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):541-52. Review.
PMID: 11115789

323: Mazzocchi C, Michel JL, Chalencon V, Teyssier G, Rayet I, Cambazard F.
[Zinc deficiency in mucoviscidosis]
Arch Pediatr. 2000 Oct;7(10):1081-4. French.
PMID: 11075264

324: Taylor CG, Giesbrecht JA.
Dietary zinc deficiency and expression of T lymphocyte signal transduction
proteins.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;78(10):823-8. Review.
PMID: 11077983

325: Yanagisawa H, Moridaira K, Wada O.
Zinc deficiency further increases the enhanced expression of endothelin-1 in
glomeruli of the obstructed kidney.
Kidney Int. 2000 Aug;58(2):575-86.
PMID: 10916081

326: Li F, Guo Z, Zhao L.
[The effects of zinc supplementation on postburn nutritional status of
zinc-deficient scalded rats]
Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2000 Aug;16(4):203-5. Chinese.
PMID: 11876870

327: Singer LJ, Herron A, Altman N.
Zinc responsive dermatopathy in goats: two field cases.
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 2000 Jul;39(4):32-5.
PMID: 11487227

328: Gupta RP, Verma PC, Garg SR.
Effect of experimental zinc deficiency on immunological responses in
Salmonella-infected guinea-pigs.
J Comp Pathol. 2000 Jul;123(1):1-6.
PMID: 10906249

329: Hyun HJ, Sohn J, Ahn YH, Shin HC, Koh JY, Yoon YH.
Depletion of intracellular zinc induces macromolecule synthesis- and
caspase-dependent apoptosis of cultured retinal cells.
Brain Res. 2000 Jun 30;869(1-2):39-48.
PMID: 10865057

330: Gibson RS.
Zinc supplementation for infants.
Lancet. 2000 Jun 10;355(9220):2008-9.
PMID: 10885346

331: Keller KA, Chu Y, Grider A, Coffield JA.
Supplementation with L-histidine during dietary zinc repletion improves
short-term memory in zinc-restricted young adult male rats.
J Nutr. 2000 Jun;130(6):1633-40.
PMID: 10827222

332: Wang F, Zhao F, Guo J, Jing N.
[Mechanism of impairment to microtubule polymerization resulting from zinc
deficiency during pregnancy and lactation in mice]
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2000 May 30;29(3):156-8. Chinese.
PMID: 12725061

333: King JC.
Determinants of maternal zinc status during pregnancy.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5 Suppl):1334S-43S. Review.
PMID: 10799411

334: Goto T, Komai M, Bryant BP, Furukawa Y.
Reduction in carbonic anhydrase activity in the tongue epithelium and
submandibular gland in zinc-deficient rats.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 May;70(3):110-8.
PMID: 10883404

335: Wapnir RA.
Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1388S-92S. Review.
PMID: 10801949

336: Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL.
The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1399S-406S. Review.
PMID: 10801951

337: Scott ME, Koski KG.
Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections
at intestinal and systemic sites.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1412S-20S. Review.
PMID: 10801953

338: Hambidge M.
Human zinc deficiency.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1344S-9S. Review.
PMID: 10801941

339: Shay NF, Mangian HF.
Neurobiology of zinc-influenced eating behavior.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1493S-9S. Review.
PMID: 10801965

340: Giralt M, Molinero A, Carrasco J, Hidalgo J.
Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on brain metallothionein-I and -III mRNA
levels during stress and inflammation.
Neurochem Int. 2000 May;36(6):555-62.
PMID: 10762093

341: Jankowski-Hennig MA, Clegg MS, Daston GP, Rogers JM, Keen CL.
Zinc-deficient rat embryos have increased caspase 3-like activity and
apoptosis.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Apr 29;271(1):250-6.
PMID: 10777711

342: Oteiza PI, Clegg MS, Zago MP, Keen CL.
Zinc deficiency induces oxidative stress and AP-1 activation in 3T3 cells.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Apr 1;28(7):1091-9.
PMID: 10832070

343: Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM.
Zn-depleted mice absorb more of an intragastric Zn solution by a
metallothionein-enhanced process than do Zn-replete mice.
J Nutr. 2000 Apr;130(4):835-42.
PMID: 10736338

344: Takeda A, Takefuta S, Okada S, Oku N.
Relationship between brain zinc and transient learning impairment of adult rats
fed zinc-deficient diet.
Brain Res. 2000 Mar 24;859(2):352-7.
PMID: 10719084

345: Sandstead HH.
Causes of iron and zinc deficiencies and their effects on brain.
J Nutr. 2000 Feb;130(2S Suppl):347S-349S. Review.
PMID: 10721903

346: Meerarani P, Ramadass P, Toborek M, Bauer HC, Bauer H, Hennig B.
Zinc protects against apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by linoleic acid
and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1):81-7.
PMID: 10617950

347: Komai M, Goto T, Suzuki H, Takeda T, Furukawa Y.
Zinc deficiency and taste dysfunction; contribution of carbonic anhydrase, a
zinc-metalloenzyme, to normal taste sensation.
Biofactors. 2000;12(1-4):65-70.
PMID: 11216508

348: Kreft B, Fischer A, Kruger S, Sack K, Kirchner H, Rink L.
The impaired immune response to diphtheria vaccination in elderly chronic
hemodialysis patients is related to zinc deficiency.
Biogerontology. 2000;1(1):61-6.
PMID: 11707922

349: Fabe JS, Grahn BH, Paterson PG.
Zinc concentration of selected ocular tissues in zinc-deficient rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 Summer;75(1-3):43-52.
PMID: 11051595

350: Kudo H, Doi Y, Nishino T, Nara S, Hamasaki K, Fujimoto S.
Dietary zinc deficiency decreases glutathione S-transferase expression in the
rat olfactory epithelium.
J Nutr. 2000 Jan;130(1):38-44.
PMID: 10613764

Zinc: 1000 Citations

351: Cui L, Takagi Y, Sando K, Wasa M, Okada A.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor attenuates inflammatory lesions in the skin of
zinc-deficient rats.
Nutrition. 2000 Jan;16(1):34-41.
PMID: 10674233

352: Golub MS, Keen CL, Gershwin ME.
Behavioral and hematologic consequences of marginal iron-zinc nutrition in
adolescent monkeys and the effect of a powdered beef supplement.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1059-68. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr 2002
Mar;75(3):601.
PMID: 10584051

353: Ozkan S, Ozkan H, Fetil E, Corapcioglu F, Yilmaz S, Ozer E.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica with Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis.
Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 Nov-Dec;16(6):444-7.
PMID: 10632941

354: Kim SH, Keen CL.
Influence of dietary carbohydrate on zinc-deficiency-induced changes in
oxidative defense mechanisms and tissue oxidative damage in rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1999 Oct;70(1):81-96.
PMID: 10493186

355: Reaves SK, Fanzo JC, Wu JY, Wang YR, Wu YW, Zhu L, Lei KY.
Plasma apolipoprotein B-48, hepatic apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and
apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic subunit-1 mRNA levels are altered in
zinc-deficient rats.
J Nutr. 1999 Oct;129(10):1855-61.
PMID: 10498758

356: Wauben IP, Xing HC, Wainwright PE.
Neonatal dietary zinc deficiency in artificially reared rat pups retards
behavioral development and interacts with essential fatty acid deficiency to
alter liver and brain fatty acid composition.
J Nutr. 1999 Oct;129(10):1773-81.
PMID: 10498747

357: Stefanini M.
Cutaneous bleeding related to zinc deficiency in two cases of advanced cancer.
Cancer. 1999 Sep 1;86(5):866-70.
PMID: 10463987

358: Worwag M, Classen HG, Schumacher E.
Prevalence of magnesium and zinc deficiencies in nursing home residents in
Germany.
Magnes Res. 1999 Sep;12(3):181-9.
PMID: 10488474

359: Fong LY, Magee PN.
Dietary zinc deficiency enhances esophageal cell proliferation and
N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumor incidence in C57BL/6
mouse.
Cancer Lett. 1999 Aug 23;143(1):63-9.
PMID: 10465339

360: Rojas AI, Phillips TJ.
Patients with chronic leg ulcers show diminished levels of vitamins A and E,
carotenes, and zinc.
Dermatol Surg. 1999 Aug;25(8):601-4.
PMID: 10491041

361: Ojima K, Ogura K, Sato T, Niwa M.
Microvascular cast specimen formation of lingual papillae in zinc-deficient rat
tongue.
Anat Anz. 1999 Jul;181(4):371-5.
PMID: 10427375

362: Ganapathy S, Volpe SL.
Zinc, exercise, and thyroid hormone function.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1999 Jul;39(4):369-90. Review.
PMID: 10442272

363: Eberle J, Schmidmayer S, Erben RG, Stangassinger M, Roth HP.
Skeletal effects of zinc deficiency in growing rats.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1999 Jul;13(1-2):21-6.
PMID: 10445214

364: Abbasi A, Shetty K.
[Zinc: pathophysiological effects, deficiency status and effects of
supplementation in elderly persons--an overview of the research]
Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1999 Jul;32 Suppl 1:I75-9. Review. German.
PMID: 10441807

365: Van Loan MD, Sutherland B, Lowe NM, Turnlund JR, King JC.
The effects of zinc depletion on peak force and total work of knee and shoulder
extensor and flexor muscles.
Int J Sport Nutr. 1999 Jun;9(2):125-35.
PMID: 10362450

366: Miceli MV, Tate DJ Jr, Alcock NW, Newsome DA.
Zinc deficiency and oxidative stress in the retina of pigmented rats.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 May;40(6):1238-44.
PMID: 10235558

367: Bucci I, Napolitano G, Giuliani C, Lio S, Minnucci A, Di Giacomo F,
Calabrese G, Sabatino G, Palka G, Monaco F.
Zinc sulfate supplementation improves thyroid function in hypozincemic Down
children.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1999 Mar;67(3):257-68.
PMID: 10201332

368: Forsleff L, Schauss AG, Bier ID, Stuart S.
Evidence of functional zinc deficiency in Parkinson's disease.
J Altern Complement Med. 1999 Feb;5(1):57-64.
PMID: 10100031

369: Ruz M, Codoceo J, Galgani J, Munoz L, Gras N, Muzzo S, Leiva L, Bosco C.
Single and multiple selenium-zinc-iodine deficiencies affect rat thyroid
metabolism and ultrastructure.
J Nutr. 1999 Jan;129(1):174-80.
PMID: 9915896

370: Gross R, Hansel H, Schultink W, Shrimpton R, Matulessi P, Gross G, Tagliaferri E, Sastroamdijojo S.
Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from East-Jakarta.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Dec;52(12):884-90.
PMID: 9881883

371: Gross R, Hansel H, Schultink W, Shrimpton R, Matulessi P, Gross G,
Tagliaferri E, Sastroamdijojo S.
Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from
East-Jakarta.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Dec;52(12):884-90.
PMID: 9881883

372: Prasad AS.
Zinc deficiency in humans: a neglected problem.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Dec;17(6):542-3. No abstract available.
PMID: 9853531

373: Myung SJ, Yang SK, Jung HY, Jung SA, Kang GH, Ha HK, Hong WS, Min YI.
Zinc deficiency manifested by dermatitis and visual dysfunction in a patient
with Crohn's disease.
J Gastroenterol. 1998 Dec;33(6):876-9.
PMID: 9853564

374: Rains TM, Hedrick S, Randall AC, Lee RG, Kennedy KJ, Shay NF.
Food intake patterns are altered during long-term zinc deficiency in rats.
Physiol Behav. 1998 Dec 1;65(3):473-8.
PMID: 9877413

375: Ninh NX, Maiter D, Verniers J, Lause P, Ketelslegers JM, Thissen JP.
Failure of exogenous IGF-I to restore normal growth in rats submitted to
dietary zinc deprivation.
J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;159(2):211-7.
PMID: 9795360

376: Chen SM, Young TK.
Effects of zinc deficiency on endogenous antioxidant enzymes and lipid
peroxidation in glomerular cells of normal and five-sixths nephrectomized rats.
J Formos Med Assoc. 1998 Nov;97(11):750-6.
PMID: 9872031

377: Cha MC, Rojhani A.
Failure of IGF-I infusion to promote growth in Zn deficient hypophysectomized
rats.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1998 Nov;12(3):141-7.
PMID: 9857326

378: Ripa S, Ripa R, Giustiniani S.
Are failured cardiomyopathies a zinc-deficit related disease? A study on Zn and
Cu in patients with chronic failured dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.
Minerva Med. 1998 Nov-Dec;89(11-12):397-403.
PMID: 10212663

379: Prasad AS.
Zinc and immunity.
Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 Nov;188(1-2):63-9. Review.
PMID: 9823012

380: Kleier C, Werkmeister R, Joos U.
[Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in diseases of the mouth mucosa]
Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1998 Nov;2(6):320-5. German.
PMID: 9881002

381: Adisa AO, Odutuga AA.
Changes in the activities of three diagnostic enzymes in the heart of rats
following the consumption of diets deficient in zinc and essential fatty acids.
Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 Oct;46(3):571-6.
PMID: 9818096

382: Yanagisawa H, Nodera M, Wada O.
Zinc deficiency aggravates tubulointerstitial nephropathy caused by ureteral
obstruction.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Oct;65(1):1-6.
PMID: 9877532

383: MacDonald RS, Wollard-Biddle LC, Browning JD, Thornton WH Jr, O'Dell BL.
Zinc deprivation of murine 3T3 cells by use of diethylenetrinitrilopentaacetate
impairs DNA synthesis upon stimulation with insulin-like growth factor-1
(IGF-1).
J Nutr. 1998 Oct;128(10):1600-5.
PMID: 9772124

384: Thornton WH Jr, MacDonald RS, Wollard-Biddle LC, Browning JD, O'Dell BL.
Chelation of extracellular zinc inhibits proliferation in 3T3 cells independent
of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998 Oct;219(1):64-8.
PMID: 9751224

385: Okegbile EO, Odunuga O, Oyewo A.
Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on alkaline phosphatase and nucleic acids in
rats.
Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998 Sep-Dec;27(3-4):189-92.
PMID: 10497646

386: Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Shankar AH, Merialdi M.
Potential contribution of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy to
maternal and child survival.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):499S-508S. Review.
PMID: 9701168

387: Ruel MT, Bouis HE.
Plant breeding: a long-term strategy for the control of zinc deficiency in
vulnerable populations.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):488S-494S. Review.
PMID: 9701166

388: Gibson RS, Yeudall F, Drost N, Mtitimuni B, Cullinan T.
Dietary interventions to prevent zinc deficiency.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):484S-487S. Review.
PMID: 9701165

389: Black MM.
Zinc deficiency and child development.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):464S-469S. Review.
PMID: 9701161

390: Marchetti P, Amodio P, Caregaro L, Gatta A.
[Zinc deficiency in liver cirrhosis: a curiosity or a problem?]
Ann Ital Med Int. 1998 Jul-Sep;13(3):157-62. Review. Italian.
PMID: 9859572

391: Cui L, Takagi Y, Wasa M, Iiboshi Y, Inoue M, Khan J, Sando K, Nezu R, Okada A.
Zinc deficiency enhances interleukin-1alpha-induced metallothionein-1 expression in rats.
J Nutr. 1998 Jul;128(7):1092-8.
PMID: 9649590

392: Lee RG, Rains TM, Tovar-Palacio C, Beverly JL, Shay NF.
Zinc deficiency increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y mRNA
levels and does not block neuropeptide Y-induced feeding in rats.
J Nutr. 1998 Jul;128(7):1218-23.
PMID: 9649609

393: Obladen M, Loui A, Kampmann W, Renz H.
Zinc deficiency in rapidly growing preterm infants.
Acta Paediatr. 1998 Jun;87(6):685-91.
PMID: 9686664

394: Persson LA, Lundstrom M, Lonnerdal B, Hernell O.
Are weaning foods causing impaired iron and zinc status in 1-year-old Swedish
infants? A cohort study.
Acta Paediatr. 1998 Jun;87(6):618-22.
PMID: 9686651

395: Doerr TD, Marks SC, Shamsa FH, Mathog RH, Prasad AS.
Effects of zinc and nutritional status on clinical outcomes in head and neck
cancer.
Nutrition. 1998 Jun;14(6):489-95.
PMID: 9646288

396: Osati-Ashtiani F, King LE, Fraker PJ.
Variance in the resistance of murine early bone marrow B cells to a deficiency
in zinc.
Immunology. 1998 May;94(1):94-100.
PMID: 9708192

397: Naber TH, van den Hamer CJ, Baadenhuysen H, Jansen JB.
The value of methods to determine zinc deficiency in patients with Crohn's
disease.
Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 May;33(5):514-23.
PMID: 9648992

398: Gibson RS, Huddle JM.
Suboptimal zinc status in pregnant Malawian women: its association with low
intakes of poorly available zinc, frequent reproductive cycling, and malaria.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;67(4):702-9.
PMID: 9537617

399: Piela Z, Szuber M, Mach B, Janniger CK.
Zinc deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants.
Cutis. 1998 Apr;61(4):197-200.
PMID: 9564591

400: Huddle JM, Gibson RS, Cullinan TR.
Is zinc a limiting nutrient in the diets of rural pregnant Malawian women?
Br J Nutr. 1998 Mar;79(3):257-65.
PMID: 9577304

401: Rosado JL.
[Zinc deficiency and its functional implications]
Salud Publica Mex. 1998 Mar-Apr;40(2):181-8. Review. Spanish.
PMID: 9617199

402: Kim ES, Noh SK, Koo SI.
Marginal zinc deficiency lowers the lymphatic absorption of alpha-tocopherol in
rats.
J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2):265-70.
PMID: 9446854

403: Stevens J, Lubitz L.
Symptomatic zinc deficiency in breast-fed term and premature infants.
J Paediatr Child Health. 1998 Feb;34(1):97-100.
PMID: 9568953

404: Kilic I, Ozalp I, Coskun T, Tokatli A, Emre S, Saldamli I, Koksel H, Ozboy O.
The effect of zinc-supplemented bread consumption on school children with
asymptomatic zinc deficiency.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 Feb;26(2):167-71.
PMID: 9481631

405: Li J, Xu P, He Z.
[Effect of zinc deficiency on apoptosis of spermatogenic cells of rat tostis]
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998 Feb;78(2):91-3. Chinese.
PMID: 10923414

406: Clausen T, Dorup I.
Micronutrients, minerals and growth control.
Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1998;(54):84-92. Review.
PMID: 9597174

407: Wang P, Yang Z.
[Influence of insufficient zinc on immune functions in NIDDM patients]
Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1998;23(6):599-601. Chinese.
PMID: 10806782

408: Shi HN, Scott ME, Stevenson MM, Koski KG.
Energy restriction and zinc deficiency impair the functions of murine T cells
and antigen-presenting cells during gastrointestinal nematode infection.
J Nutr. 1998 Jan;128(1):20-7.
PMID: 9430597

409: Kennedy KJ, Rains TM, Shay NF.
Zinc deficiency changes preferred macronutrient intake in subpopulations of
Sprague-Dawley outbred rats and reduces hepatic pyruvate kinase gene expression.
J Nutr. 1998 Jan;128(1):43-9.
PMID: 9430600

410: Browning JD, MacDonald RS, Thornton WH, O'Dell BL.
Reduced food intake in zinc deficient rats is normalized by megestrol acetate
but not by insulin-like growth factor-I.
J Nutr. 1998 Jan;128(1):136-42.
PMID: 9430615

411: Inoue K, Kito M, Kato S, Osawa M, Okuda H, Yabuta K, Maeda T.
A case of acquired zinc deficiency in a mature breast-fed infant.
J Perinat Med. 1998;26(6):495-7.
PMID: 10224609

412: Solomons NW.
Mild human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell-mediated and
humoral immunity.
Nutr Rev. 1998 Jan;56(1 Pt 1):27-8. Review.
PMID: 9481116

413: Watanabe T, Endo A.
Cytogenetic effects of cadmium on unfertilized oocytes in short-term zinc
deficiency in hamsters.
Mutat Res. 1997 Dec 12;395(2-3):113-8.
PMID: 9465921

414: Stone J, Doube A, Dudson D, Wallace J.
Inadequate calcium, folic acid, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium intake in
rheumatoid arthritis patients: results of a dietary survey.
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Dec;27(3):180-5.
PMID: 9431590

415: Ray SK, Roychoudhury R, Bandopadhyay SK, Basu S.
Studies on 'zinc deficiency syndrome' in black bengal goats (Capra hircus) fed
with fodder (Andropogon gayanus) grown on soil treated with an excess of calcium
and phosphorus fertilizer.
Vet Res Commun. 1997 Nov;21(8):541-6.
PMID: 9444077

416: Zorbas YG, Yaroshenko YN, Kuznetsov NK, Ivanov AL.
Daily zinc supplementation effect on zinc deficiency in rats during prolonged
restriction of motor activity.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Oct-Nov;60(1-2):101-13.
PMID: 9404679

417: Doerr TD, Prasad AS, Marks SC, Beck FW, Shamsa FH, Penny HS, Mathog RH.
Zinc deficiency in head and neck cancer patients.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Oct;16(5):418-22.
PMID: 9322189

418: Kong X, Ren R, Liu L.
[Effects of zinc deficiency in fodder on brain development, learning and memory
in rats]
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1997 Sep;31(5):295-8. Chinese.
PMID: 9812610

419: Fong LY, Lau KM, Huebner K, Magee PN.
Induction of esophageal tumors in zinc-deficient rats by single low doses of
N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA): analysis of cell proliferation, and mutations
in H-ras and p53 genes.
Carcinogenesis. 1997 Aug;18(8):1477-84.
PMID: 9276619

420: Sandstead HH, Alcock NW.
Zinc: an essential and unheralded nutrient.
J Lab Clin Med. 1997 Aug;130(2):116-8. No abstract available.
PMID: 9280136

421: Ploysangam A, Falciglia GA, Brehm BJ.
Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on human growth and development.
J Trop Pediatr. 1997 Aug;43(4):192-8. Review.
PMID: 9283119

422: Bentley ME, Caulfield LE, Ram M, Santizo MC, Hurtado E, Rivera JA, Ruel MT,
Brown KH.
Zinc supplementation affects the activity patterns of rural Guatemalan infants.
J Nutr. 1997 Jul;127(7):1333-8.
PMID: 9202087

423: Beck FW, Prasad AS, Kaplan J, Fitzgerald JT, Brewer GJ.
Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally
induced zinc-deficient humans.
Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 1):E1002-7.
PMID: 9227444

424: Dorea JG.
Zinc in urban infants and children from Brasilia.
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1997 Jun;47(2 Suppl 1):39-40.
PMID: 9659417

425: Aiba K, Kimura M, Sakata S, Matsuda K, Kaneko M, Onosaka S, Yamaoka Y,
Tamaki N.
Cosinor analysis of feed intake cycle of rats fed a zinc-deficient diet and the
effect of zinc supplementation.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997 Jun;43(3):327-43.
PMID: 9268921

426: Folwaczny C.
Zinc and diarrhea in infants.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1997 Jun;11(2):116-22. Review.
PMID: 9285893

427: Hamdi SA, Nassif OI, Ardawi MS.
Effect of marginal or severe dietary zinc deficiency on testicular development
and functions of the rat.
Arch Androl. 1997 May-Jun;38(3):243-53.
PMID: 9140621

428: Humphrey PA, Ashraf M, Lee CM.
Hepatic cells' mitotic and peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activities during
Trypanosoma musculi infection in zinc-deficient mice.
J Natl Med Assoc. 1997 Apr;89(4):259-67.
PMID: 9145631

429: Gupta RP, Verma PC, Garg SL.
Effect of experimental zinc deficiency on thyroid gland in guinea-pigs.
Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41(6):376-81.
PMID: 9491194

430: Cha MC, Rojhani A.
Zinc deficiency inhibits the direct growth effect of growth hormone on the
tibia of hypophysectomized rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Winter;59(1-3):99-111.
PMID: 9522052

431: DiSilvestro RA, Blostein-Fujii A.
Moderate zinc deficiency in rats enhances lipoprotein oxidation in vitro.
Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(4):739-42.
PMID: 9013138

432: Selvais PL, Labuche C, Nguyen XN, Ketelslegers JM, Denef JF, Maiter DM.
Cyclic feeding behaviour and changes in hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y
gene expression induced by zinc deficiency in the rat.
J Neuroendocrinol. 1997 Jan;9(1):55-62.
PMID: 9023738

433: Newberne PM, Broitman S, Schrager TF.
Esophageal carcinogenesis in the rat: zinc deficiency, DNA methylation and
alkyltransferase activity.
Pathobiology. 1997;65(5):253-63.
PMID: 9459495

434: Newberne PM, Schrager TF, Broitman S.
Esophageal carcinogenesis in the rat: zinc deficiency and alcohol effects on
tumor induction.
Pathobiology. 1997;65(1):39-45.
PMID: 9200188

435: Prasad AS, Beck FW, Grabowski SM, Kaplan J, Mathog RH.
Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in
patients with head and neck cancer and in noncancer subjects.
Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1997 Jan;109(1):68-77.
PMID: 9010918

436: Golub MS, Takeuchi PT, Keen CL, Hendrickx AG, Gershwin ME.
Activity and attention in zinc-deprived adolescent monkeys.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Dec;64(6):908-15.
PMID: 8942416

437: Van Wouwe JP, Veldhuizen M.
Growth characteristics in laboratory animals fed zinc-deficient,
copper-deficient, of histidine-supplemented diets.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Oct-Nov;55(1-2):71-7.
PMID: 8971355

438: Terril-Robb LA, Clemons DJ, Besch-Williford C, O'Brien DP, O'Dell BL.
Morphophysiologic characterization of peripheral neuropathy in zinc-deficient
guinea pigs.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1996 Oct;213(1):50-8.
PMID: 8820823

439: Golub MS, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Styne DM, Takeuchi PT, Ontell F, Walter RM,
Hendrickx AG.
Adolescent growth and maturation in zinc-deprived rhesus monkeys [see comment]
Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Sep;64(3):274-82.
PMID: 8780334

440: Fong LY, Li JX, Farber JL, Magee PN.
Cell proliferation and esophageal carcinogenesis in the zinc-deficient rat.
Carcinogenesis. 1996 Sep;17(9):1841-8.
PMID: 8824504

441: Fan PC, Teng RJ, Chou CC, Wu TJ, Tsou Yau KI, Hsieh KH.
Impaired immune function in a premature infant with zinc deficiency after total
parenteral nutrition.
Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1996 Sep-Oct;37(5):364-9.
PMID: 8942032

442: Eder K, Kirchgessner M.
Zinc deficiency and the desaturation of linoleic acid in rats force-fed
fat-free diets.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Aug;54(2):173-83.
PMID: 8886317

443: Haglund B, Ryckenberg K, Selinus O, Dahlquist G.
Evidence of a relationship between childhood-onset type I diabetes and low
groundwater concentration of zinc.
Diabetes Care. 1996 Aug;19(8):873-5.
PMID: 8842606

444: Mori H, Matsumoto Y, Tamada Y, Ohashi M.
Apoptotic cell death in formation of vesicular skin lesions in patients with
acquired zinc deficiency.
J Cutan Pathol. 1996 Aug;23(4):359-63.
PMID: 8864924

445: Molina EL, Patel JA.
A to Z: vitamin A and zinc, the miracle duo.
Indian J Pediatr. 1996 Jul-Aug;63(4):427-31. Review.
PMID: 10832460

446: Caticha O, Norato DY, Tambascia MA, Santana A, Stephanou A, Sarlis NJ.
Total body zinc depletion and its relationship to the development of
hyperprolactinemia in chronic renal insufficiency.
J Endocrinol Invest. 1996 Jul-Aug;19(7):441-8.
PMID: 8884538

447: Prasad AS, Beck FW, Endre L, Handschu W, Kukuruga M, Kumar G.
Zinc deficiency affects cell cycle and deoxythymidine kinase gene expression in
HUT-78 cells.
J Lab Clin Med. 1996 Jul;128(1):51-60.
PMID: 8759936

448: Pescovitz MD, Mehta PL, Jindal RM, Milgrom ML, Leapman SB, Filo RS.
Zinc deficiency and its repletion following liver transplantation in humans.
Clin Transplant. 1996 Jun;10(3):256-60.
PMID: 8826662

449: Burhanoglu M, Tutuncuoglu S, Coker C, Tekgul H, Ozgur T.
Hypozincaemia in febrile convulsion.
Eur J Pediatr. 1996 Jun;155(6):498-501.
PMID: 8789769

450: Kremer JM, Bigaouette J.
Nutrient intake of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is deficient in
pyridoxine, zinc, copper, and magnesium.
J Rheumatol. 1996 Jun;23(6):990-4.
PMID: 8782128

451: Naber TH, Baadenhuysen H, Jansen JB, van den Hamer CJ, van den Broek W.
Serum alkaline phosphatase activity during zinc deficiency and long-term
inflammatory stress.
Clin Chim Acta. 1996 May 30;249(1-2):109-27.
PMID: 8737596

452: Kralik A, Eder K, Kirchgessner M.
Influence of zinc and selenium deficiency on parameters relating to thyroid
hormone metabolism.
Horm Metab Res. 1996 May;28(5):223-6.
PMID: 8738110

453: Papadopoulou A, Nathavitharana K, Williams MD, Darbyshire PJ, Booth IW.
Diagnosis and clinical associations of zinc depletion following bone marrow
transplantation.
Arch Dis Child. 1996 Apr;74(4):328-31.
PMID: 8669934

454: Ojuawo A, Lindley KJ, Milla PJ.
Serum zinc, selenium and copper concentration in children with allergic
colitis.
East Afr Med J. 1996 Apr;73(4):236-8.
PMID: 8706606

455: Prasad AS.
Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1996 Apr;15(2):113-20. Review.
PMID: 8778139

456: Om AS, Chung KW.
Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha-reduction and aromatization of
testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver.
J Nutr. 1996 Apr;126(4):842-8.
PMID: 8613886

457: Bhandari N, Bahl R, Hambidge KM, Bhan MK.
Increased diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in association with zinc
deficiency--a preliminary report.
Acta Paediatr. 1996 Feb;85(2):148-50.
PMID: 8640039

458: Berger MM, Cavadini C, Chiolero R, Dirren H.
Copper, selenium, and zinc status and balances after major trauma.
J Trauma. 1996 Jan;40(1):103-9.
PMID: 8576970

459: Ashrafi SH, Said-al-Naief NA.
Zinc deficiency produces time-related ultrastructural changes in rat cheek
epithelium.
Scanning Microsc. 1996;10(1):209-17; discussion 217-8.
PMID: 9813606

460: Khedun SM, Naicker T, Maharaj B.
Zinc, hydrochlorothiazide and sexual dysfunction.
Cent Afr J Med. 1995 Oct;41(10):312-5.
PMID: 8556776

461: Ripa S, Ripa R.
[Zinc and diabetes mellitus]
Minerva Med. 1995 Oct;86(10):415-21. Review. Italian.
PMID: 8622809

462: Cunnane SC, Yang J.
Zinc deficiency impairs whole-body accumulation of polyunsaturates and
increases the utilization of [1-14C]linoleate for de novo lipid synthesis in
pregnant rats.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;73(9):1246-52.
PMID: 8748973

463: Rogers JM, Taubeneck MW, Daston GP, Sulik KK, Zucker RM, Elstein KH,
Jankowski MA, Keen CL.
Zinc deficiency causes apoptosis but not cell cycle alterations in
organogenesis-stage rat embryos: effect of varying duration of deficiency.
Teratology. 1995 Sep;52(3):149-59.
PMID: 8638255

464: Said al-Naief NA, Ashrafi SH.
Time-related changes induced by zinc-deficient diet in the concentration of rat
cheek epithelial membrane-coating granules.
Arch Oral Biol. 1995 Aug;40(8):717-22.
PMID: 7487572

465: Eder K, Kirchgessner M.
Activities of liver microsomal fatty acid desaturases in zinc-deficient rats
force-fed diets with a coconut oil/safflower oil mixture of linseed oil.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1995 Jun;48(3):215-29.
PMID: 9398942

466: Watanabe T, Arakawa T, Fukuda T, Higuchi K, Kobayashi K.
Zinc deficiency delays gastric ulcer healing in rats.
Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Jun;40(6):1340-4.
PMID: 7781457

467: Ripa S, Ripa R.
Zinc and the elderly.
Minerva Med. 1995 Jun;86(6):275-8. Review.
PMID: 7566561

468: Ghassemifar MR, Olsson MG, Agren MS, Franzen LE.
Impaired function of postoperative macrophages from zinc-deficient rats
decreases collagen contraction. Brief report.
APMIS. 1995 May;103(5):395-400.
PMID: 7654364

469: Braga-Costa TM, De-Oliveira LM, Vannucchi H.
Effect of zinc deficiency induced before and during pregnancy on the survival
of female rats and their pups.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 1995 May;28(5):569-74.
PMID: 8555977

470: King LE, Osati-Ashtiani F, Fraker PJ.
Depletion of cells of the B lineage in the bone marrow of zinc-deficient mice.
Immunology. 1995 May;85(1):69-73.
PMID: 7635524

471: Oteiza PI, Olin KL, Fraga CG, Keen CL.
Zinc deficiency causes oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in rat
testes.
J Nutr. 1995 Apr;125(4):823-9.
PMID: 7722683

472: McNall AD, Etherton TD, Fosmire GJ.
The impaired growth induced by zinc deficiency in rats is associated with
decreased expression of the hepatic insulin-like growth factor I and growth
hormone receptor genes.
J Nutr. 1995 Apr;125(4):874-9.
PMID: 7722689

473: Ninh NX, Thissen JP, Maiter D, Adam E, Mulumba N, Ketelslegers JM.
Reduced liver insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in young
zinc-deprived rats is associated with a decrease in liver growth hormone (GH)
receptors and serum GH-binding protein.
J Endocrinol. 1995 Mar;144(3):449-56.
PMID: 7738469

474: Jankowski MA, Uriu-Hare JY, Rucker RB, Rogers JM, Keen CL.
Maternal zinc deficiency, but not copper deficiency or diabetes, results in
increased embryonic cell death in the rat: implications for mechanisms
underlying abnormal development.
Teratology. 1995 Feb;51(2):85-93.
PMID: 7660326

475: Faure P, Durand P, Blache D, Favier A, Roussel AM.
Influence of a long-term zinc-deficient diet on rat platelet function and fatty
acid composition.
Biometals. 1995 Jan;8(1):80-5.
PMID: 7865995

476: Stiles NJ, Boosalis MG.
Case report of zinc deficiency in an elderly woman.
Clin Lab Sci. 1995 Jan-Feb;8(1):39-42.
PMID: 10150466

477: Heinen F, Matern D, Pringsheim W, Leititis JU, Brandis M.
Zinc deficiency in an exclusively breast-fed preterm infant.
Eur J Pediatr. 1995 Jan;154(1):71-5.
PMID: 7895760

478: Kimball SR, Chen SJ, Risica R, Jefferson LS, Leure-duPree AE.
Effects of zinc deficiency on protein synthesis and expression of specific
mRNAs in rat liver.
Metabolism. 1995 Jan;44(1):126-33.
PMID: 7854157

479: Prasad AS.
Zinc: an overview.
Nutrition. 1995 Jan-Feb;11(1 Suppl):93-9. Review.
PMID: 7749260

480: Sandstead HH.
Is zinc deficiency a public health problem?
Nutrition. 1995 Jan-Feb;11(1 Suppl):87-92. Review.
PMID: 7749259

481: Sole D, Rieckmann B, Lippelt RM, Lippelt RT, Amancio OM, Queiroz Sde S,
Naspitz CK.
Zinc deficient diet consequences for pregnancy and offsprings of Wistar rats.
Rev Paul Med. 1995 Jan-Feb;113(1):681-6.
PMID: 8578076

482: Peters JM, Wiley LM, Zidenberg-Cherr S, Keen CL.
Periconceptional zinc deficiency affects uterine 3H-estradiol binding in mice.
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1995;15(1):23-31.
PMID: 7604389

483: Eder K, Kirchgessner M.
Levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissues from zinc-deficient rats fed a
linseed oil diet.
Lipids. 1994 Dec;29(12):839-44.
PMID: 7854009

484: Ozturk G, Erbas D, Imir T, Bor NM.
Decreased natural killer (NK) cell activity in zinc-deficient rats.
Gen Pharmacol. 1994 Nov;25(7):1499-503.
PMID: 7896066

485: Parsons SE, DiSilvestro RA.
Effects of mild zinc deficiency, plus or minus an acute-phase response, on
galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats.
Br J Nutr. 1994 Oct;72(4):611-8.
PMID: 7986791

486: Yang J, Cunnane SC.
Quantitative measurements of dietary and [1-14C]linoleate metabolism in
pregnant rats: specific influence of moderate zinc depletion independent of food
intake.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994 Oct;72(10):1180-5.
PMID: 7882183

487: Eder K, Kirchgessner M.
Dietary fat influences the effect of zinc deficiency on liver lipids and fatty
acids in rats force-fed equal quantities of diet.
J Nutr. 1994 Oct;124(10):1917-26.
PMID: 7931700

488: Sandstead HH.
Understanding zinc: recent observations and interpretations.
J Lab Clin Med. 1994 Sep;124(3):322-7. Review.
PMID: 8083574

489: Menzano E, Carlen PL.
Zinc deficiency and corticosteroids in the pathogenesis of alcoholic brain
dysfunction--a review.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994 Aug;18(4):895-901. Review.
PMID: 7978102

490: Golub MS, Takeuchi PT, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Hendrickx AG, Lonnerdal B.
Modulation of behavioral performance of prepubertal monkeys by moderate dietary
zinc deprivation.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Aug;60(2):238-43.
PMID: 8030602

491: Humphrey PA, Lee CM, Ashraf M.
Changes in immunoglobulin levels in zinc-deficient mice infected with
Trypanosoma musculi.
J Natl Med Assoc. 1994 Aug;86(8):613-9.
PMID: 7932840

492: Shi HN, Scott ME, Stevenson MM, Koski KG.
Zinc deficiency impairs T cell function in mice with primary infection of
Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda).
Parasite Immunol. 1994 Jul;16(7):339-50.
PMID: 7970873

493: Maes M, D'Haese PC, Scharpe S, D'Hondt P, Cosyns P, De Broe ME.
Hypozincemia in depression.
J Affect Disord. 1994 Jun;31(2):135-40.
PMID: 8071476

494: Martin GB, White CL, Markey CM, Blackberry MA.
Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on the reproductive system of young male
sheep: testicular growth and the secretion of inhibin and testosterone.
J Reprod Fertil. 1994 May;101(1):87-96.
PMID: 8064696

495: Bobilya DJ, Johanning GL, Veum TL, O'Dell BL.
Chronological loss of bone zinc during dietary zinc deprivation in neonatal
pigs.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Mar;59(3):649-53.
PMID: 8116543

496: White CL, Martin GB, Hynd PI, Chapman RE.
The effect of zinc deficiency on wool growth and skin and wool follicle
histology of male Merino lambs.
Br J Nutr. 1994 Mar;71(3):425-35.
PMID: 8172871

497: Browning JD, O'Dell BL.
Low zinc status in guinea pigs impairs calcium uptake by brain synaptosomes.
J Nutr. 1994 Mar;124(3):436-43.
PMID: 7907139

498: Tanaka M.
[Secretory function of the salivary gland in patients with taste
disorders--correlations between zinc deficiency and secretory functions of the
salivary glands]
Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1994 Mar;97(3):485-93. Japanese.
PMID: 8169746

499: Nishiyama S, Futagoishi-Suginohara Y, Matsukura M, Nakamura T, Higashi A,
Shinohara M, Matsuda I.
Zinc supplementation alters thyroid hormone metabolism in disabled patients with zinc deficiency.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Feb;13(1):62-7.
PMID: 8157857

500: Abitan R, Koeppel MC, Jacquet P, Thuret I, Perrimond H, Sayag J.
[Acquired zinc deficiency in a breast-fed premature infant]
Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1994;121(9):635-8. French.
PMID: 7771733

501: Lee DY, Prasad AS, Hydrick-Adair C, Brewer G, Johnson PE.
Homeostasis of zinc in marginal human zinc deficiency: role of absorption and
endogenous excretion of zinc.
J Lab Clin Med. 1993 Nov;122(5):549-56.
PMID: 8228573

502: Garg HK, Singal KC, Arshad Z.
Zinc taste test in pregnant women and its correlation with serum zinc level.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993 Oct;37(4):318-22.
PMID: 8112809

503: Nakamura T, Nishiyama S, Futagoishi-Suginohara Y, Matsuda I, Higashi A.
Mild to moderate zinc deficiency in short children: effect of zinc
supplementation on linear growth velocity.
J Pediatr. 1993 Jul;123(1):65-9.
PMID: 8320627

504: Reeves PG, Rossow KL.
Zinc deficiency affects the activity and protein concentration of
angiotensin-converting enzyme in rat testes.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1993 Jul;203(3):336-42.
PMID: 8390691

505: Fushimi H, Inoue T, Yamada Y, Horie H, Kameyama M, Inoue K, Minami T,
Okazaki Y.
Zinc deficiency exaggerates diabetic osteoporosis.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1993 Jun;20(3):191-6.
PMID: 8404452

506: Cook-Mills JM, Fraker PJ.
Functional capacity of the residual lymphocytes from zinc-deficient adult mice.
Br J Nutr. 1993 May;69(3):835-48.
PMID: 8329358

507: Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Hess JW, Kaplan J, Pelen F, Dardenne M.
Zinc deficiency in elderly patients.
Nutrition. 1993 May-Jun;9(3):218-24.
PMID: 8353362

508: Badulici S, Chirila M, Cojocaru M, Buzica C, Voicu G.
The zinc-immunodeficiency relationship in old patients.
Rom J Intern Med. 1993 Apr-Jun;31(2):123-30.
PMID: 8268830

509: Cavan KR, Gibson RS, Grazioso CF, Isalgue AM, Ruz M, Solomons NW.
Growth and body composition of periurban Guatemalan children in relation to
zinc status: a longitudinal zinc intervention trial.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Mar;57(3):344-52.
PMID: 8438768

510: Cavan KR, Gibson RS, Grazioso CF, Isalgue AM, Ruz M, Solomons NW.
Growth and body composition of periurban Guatemalan children in relation to
zinc status: a cross-sectional study.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Mar;57(3):334-43.
PMID: 8438767

511: Shoji S, Miyamoto H, Nomoto S.
Adverse effect of antipyretic agent on serum zinc.
Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1993 Mar-Apr;23(2):106-10.
PMID: 8457139

512: Favier M, Faure P, Roussel AM, Coudray C, Blache D, Favier A.
Zinc deficiency and dietary folate metabolism in pregnant rats.
J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1993 Mar;7(1):19-24.
PMID: 8400843

513: Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Golub MS, Olin KL, Graham TW, Uriu-Hare JY, Hendrickx
AG, Gershwin ME.
Effect of the severity of maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcome and
infant zinc status in rhesus monkeys.
Pediatr Res. 1993 Mar;33(3):233-41.
PMID: 8460059

514: Murdaca F, Sciarra G, Orsi D, Vanni L.
[Blood zinc levels in patients with dermatologic and neurologic disorders]
Minerva Med. 1993 Feb;84(1-2):33-7. Italian.
PMID: 8464565

515: Shay NF, Cousins RJ.
Cloning of rat intestinal mRNAs affected by zinc deficiency.
J Nutr. 1993 Jan;123(1):35-41.
PMID: 8421228

516: Peters JM, Wiley LM, Zidenberg-Cherr S, Keen CL.
Influence of periconceptional zinc deficiency on embryonic plasma membrane
function in mice.
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1993;13(1):15-21.
PMID: 8100649

517: Jendryczko A, Sodowska H, Drozdz M.
[Zinc deficiency in children infected with Giardia lamblia]
Wiad Lek. 1993 Jan-Feb;46(1-2):32-5. Polish.
PMID: 8249376

518: Jendryczko A, Drozdz M.
[Zinc deficiencies in children after discontinuation of breast feeding]
Wiad Lek. 1993 Jan-Feb;46(1-2):52-5. Review. Polish. Retraction in: Wiad Lek
1998;51(1-2):3-5.
PMID: 8249380

519: McClain CJ, Stuart MA, Vivian B, McClain M, Talwalker R, Snelling L,
Humphries L.
Zinc status before and after zinc supplementation of eating disorder patients.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1992 Dec;11(6):694-700.
PMID: 1460184

520: Driscoll ER, Bettger WJ.
Zinc deficiency in the rat alters the lipid composition of the erythrocyte
membrane Triton shell.
Lipids. 1992 Dec;27(12):972-7.
PMID: 1487959

521: Naber TH, van den Hamer CJ, van den Broek WJ, van Tongeren JH.
Zinc uptake by blood cells of rats in zinc deficiency and inflammation.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Nov;35(2):137-52.
PMID: 1280980

522: Chen XC, Wang WG, Yan HC, Yin TA, Xu QM.
Studies on iron deficiency anemia, rickets and zinc deficiency and their
prevention among Chinese preschool children.
Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1992 Oct-Dec;16(4):263-77. Review.
PMID: 1492154

523: Nawar O, Akridge RE, Hassan E, el Gazar R, Doughty BL, Kemp WM.
The effect of zinc deficiency on granuloma formation, liver fibrosis, and
antibody responses in experimental schistosomiasis.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):383-9.
PMID: 1524152

524: Taneja SK, Arya P.
Influence of low dietary lipid content on anorexia and [14C]glucose uptake in
the intestine of zinc-deficient mice.
Br J Nutr. 1992 Sep;68(2):505-14.
PMID: 1445829

525: Tamada H, Nezu R, Matsuo Y, Takagi Y, Okada A, Imamura I.
Zinc-deficient diet impairs adaptive changes in the remaining intestine after
massive small bowel resection in the rat.
Br J Surg. 1992 Sep;79(9):959-63.
PMID: 1422769

526: Barch DH, Fox CC, Rosche WA, Rundhaugen LM, Wrighton SA.
Inhibition of rat methylbenzylnitrosamine metabolism by dietary zinc and zinc
in vitro.
Gastroenterology. 1992 Sep;103(3):800-6.
PMID: 1499930

527: Xu B, Zheng D, Qian Y, Wu K.
[Effects of zinc deficiency and vitamin D deficiency on bone calcification and
development of rats]
Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1992 Sep;23(3):288-92. Chinese.
PMID: 1298719

528: Van Voorhees AS, Riba M.
Acquired zinc deficiency in association with anorexia nervosa: case report and
review of the literature.
Pediatr Dermatol. 1992 Sep;9(3):268-71. Review.
PMID: 1488378

529: Lukaski HC, Hall CB, Marchello MJ.
Impaired thyroid hormone status and thermoregulation during cold exposure of
zinc-deficient rats.
Horm Metab Res. 1992 Aug;24(8):363-6.
PMID: 1526622

530: Hunt CD, Johnson PE, Herbel J, Mullen LK.
Effects of dietary zinc depletion on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum
testosterone concentrations, and sperm morphology in young men.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jul;56(1):148-57.
PMID: 1609752

531: Liu H, Oteiza PI, Gershwin ME, Golub MS, Keen CL.
Effects of maternal marginal zinc deficiency on myelin protein profiles in the
suckling rat and infant rhesus monkey.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jul;34(1):55-66.
PMID: 1382522

532: Franzen LE, Ghassemifar MR.
Connective tissue repair in zinc deficiency. An ultrastructural morphometric
study in perforated mesentery in rats.
Eur J Surg. 1992 Jun-Jul;158(6-7):333-7.
PMID: 1356465

533: Hennig B, Wang Y, Ramasamy S, McClain CJ.
Zinc deficiency alters barrier function of cultured porcine endothelial cells.
J Nutr. 1992 Jun;122(6):1242-7.
PMID: 1316957

534: Krasowska D.
[Acrodermatitis enteropathica--congenital zinc deficiency syndrome]
Wiad Lek. 1992 Jun;45(11-12):454-7. Review. Polish.
PMID: 1441530

535: Peck MD, Alexander JW.
Interaction of protein and zinc malnutrition with the murine response to
infection.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992 May-Jun;16(3):232-5.
PMID: 1501352

536: Huang JK, Chang LS.
[Intracellular effect of the ventral prostate in zinc deficient rats]
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1992 Apr;49(4):238-43. Chinese.
PMID: 1318147

537: Golub MS, Tarantal AF, Gershwin ME, Keen CL, Hendrickx AG, Lonnerdal B.
Ultrasound evaluation of fetuses of zinc-deprived monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):734-40.
PMID: 1550050

538: Avery RA, Bettger WJ.
Zinc deficiency alters the protein composition of the membrane skeleton but not
the extractability or oligomeric form of spectrin in rat erythrocyte membranes.
J Nutr. 1992 Mar;122(3):428-34.
PMID: 1542001

539: Sherman AR.
Zinc, copper, and iron nutriture and immunity.
J Nutr. 1992 Mar;122(3 Suppl):604-9.
PMID: 1542019

540: Behne D, Kyriakopoulos A, Gessner H, Vormann J, Gunther T.
Sex-related effects of zinc deficiency on the selenium metabolism in rats.
J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1992 Mar;6(1):21-5.
PMID: 1638180

541: Minetti CA, Oshiro MM, Santos MF, Romaldini JH, Moura NM, Valle LB,
Oliveira-Filho RM.
Androgenic expression in the submandibular gland of zinc-deficient mice.
Ann Nutr Metab. 1992;36(3):167-74.
PMID: 1530286

542: Gomot MJ, Faure P, Roussel AM, Coudray C, Osman M, Favier A.
Effect of acute zinc deficiency on insulin receptor binding in rat adipocytes.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:331-5.
PMID: 1375074

543: Mobarhan S, Greenberg B, Mehta R, Friedman H, Barch D.
Zinc deficiency reduces hepatic cellular retinol-binding protein in rats.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1992;62(2):148-54.
PMID: 1517037

544: Kuramoto Y, Igarashi Y, Tagami H.
Acquired zinc deficiency in breast-fed infants.
Semin Dermatol. 1991 Dec;10(4):309-12. Review.
PMID: 1764359

545: Dorup I, Clausen T.
Effects of magnesium and zinc deficiencies on growth and protein synthesis in
skeletal muscle and the heart.
Br J Nutr. 1991 Nov;66(3):493-504.
PMID: 1772873

546: O'Dell BL, Emery M.
Compromised zinc status in rats adversely affects calcium metabolism in
platelets.
J Nutr. 1991 Nov;121(11):1763-8.
PMID: 1941184

547: Endre L.
Recurrent aphthous ulceration with zinc deficiency and cellular immune
deficiency.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 Nov;72(5):559-61.
PMID: 1745514

548: Ovrutskii GD, Smirnov VM, Kazhlaev IuN.
[Dental caries and the local immunity of the oral cavity in Zn deficiency in
the environment]
Stomatologiia (Mosk). 1991 Nov-Dec;(6):51-2. Russian.
PMID: 1839477

549: Ueda H, Kayama F, Mori N, Doi Y, Fujimoto S.
Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on protein secretory functions of the mouse
testis.
Arch Histol Cytol. 1991 Oct;54(4):401-10.
PMID: 1760218

550: Peters JM, Wiley LM, Zidenberg-Cherr S, Keen CL.
Influence of short-term maternal zinc deficiency on the in vitro development of
preimplantation mouse embryos.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991 Oct;198(1):561-8.
PMID: 1891470

551: da Cunha Ferreira RM, Rodriguez Gonzalez JI, Monreal Marquiegui I, Villa
Elizaga I.
Changes in the fetal tibial growth plate secondary to maternal zinc deficiency
in the rat: a histological and histochemical study.
Teratology. 1991 Oct;44(4):441-51.
PMID: 1962289

552: Goode HF, Penn ND, Kelleher J, Walker BE.
Evidence of cellular zinc depletion in hospitalized but not in healthy elderly
subjects.
Age Ageing. 1991 Sep;20(5):345-8.
PMID: 1755390

553: Zeng B, Qian Y, Zheng D, Wu K, Zhou M, Gong Q.
[Change of T lymphocyte subsets in peripherial blood of children with
malnutrition and zinc deficiency]
Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1991 Sep;22(3):337-9. Chinese.
PMID: 1748424

554: Sandstead HH.
Zinc deficiency. A public health problem?
Am J Dis Child. 1991 Aug;145(8):853-9. Review.
PMID: 1858720

555: Coudray C, Boucher F, Richard MJ, Arnaud J, De Leiris J, Favier A.
Zinc deficiency, ethanol, and myocardial ischemia affect lipoperoxidation in
rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991 Aug;30(2):103-18.
PMID: 1723883

556: Constantinidis J.
The hypothesis of zinc deficiency in the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary
tangles.
Med Hypotheses. 1991 Aug;35(4):319-23.
PMID: 1943884

557: Faure P, Roussel AM, Martinie M, Osman M, Favier A, Halimi S.
Insulin sensitivity in zinc-depleted rats: assessment with the euglycaemic
hyperinsulinic clamp technique.
Diabete Metab. 1991 May-Jun;17(3):325-31.
PMID: 1884875

558: Waalkes MP, Kovatch R, Rehm S.
Effect of chronic dietary zinc deficiency on cadmium toxicity and
carcinogenesis in the male Wistar [Hsd: (WI)BR] rat.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 May;108(3):448-56.
PMID: 2020969

559: Feller DJ, Tso-Olivas DY, Savage DD.
Hippocampal mossy fiber zinc deficit in mice genetically selected for ethanol
withdrawal seizure susceptibility.
Brain Res. 1991 Apr 5;545(1-2):73-9.
PMID: 1860062

560: Van der Rijt CC, Schalm SW, Schat H, Foeken K, De Jong G.
Overt hepatic encephalopathy precipitated by zinc deficiency.
Gastroenterology. 1991 Apr;100(4):1114-8.
PMID: 2001810

561: Prasad AS.
Discovery of human zinc deficiency and studies in an experimental human model.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Feb;53(2):403-12. Review.
PMID: 1989405

562: Faure P, Roussel AM, Richard MJ, Foulon T, Groslambert P, Hadjian A, Favier A.
Effect of an acute zinc depletion on rat lipoprotein distribution and peroxidation.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991 Feb;28(2):135-46.
PMID: 1709029

563: Apgar J, Everett GA.
Low zinc intake affects maintenance of pregnancy in guinea pigs.
J Nutr. 1991 Feb;121(2):192-200.
PMID: 1847415

564: Eltohamy MM, Younis M.
Response of testes, epididymis, and seminal vesicle of rabbits to zinc
deficiency.
Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1991;45(1):155-60.
PMID: 1789725

565: Cavdar AO, Bahceci M, Akar N, Erten J, Yavuz H.
Effect of zinc supplementation in a Turkish woman with two previous
anencephalic infants.
Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1991;32(2):123-5.
PMID: 1748322

566: Vruwink KG, Fletcher MP, Keen CL, Golub MS, Hendrickx AG, Gershwin ME.
Moderate zinc deficiency in rhesus monkeys. An intrinsic defect of neutrophil
chemotaxis corrected by zinc repletion.
J Immunol. 1991 Jan 1;146(1):244-9.
PMID: 1984446

567: Taneja SK, Kaur R.
Pathology of ovary, uterus, vagina and gonadotrophs of female mice fed on
Zn-deficient diet.
Indian J Exp Biol. 1990 Nov;28(11):1058-65.
PMID: 2283172

568: Agren MS, Franzen L.
Influence of zinc deficiency on breaking strength of 3-week-old skin incisions
in the rat.
Acta Chir Scand. 1990 Oct;156(10):667-70.
PMID: 2264423

569: Weismann K, Arroe M.
[Zinc deficiency in a premature infant]
Ugeskr Laeger. 1990 Sep 3;152(36):2571-2. Danish.
PMID: 2402848

570: Emery MP, Browning JD, O'Dell BL.
Impaired hemostasis and platelet function in rats fed low zinc diets based on
egg white protein.
J Nutr. 1990 Sep;120(9):1062-7.
PMID: 2398415

571: Ortiz J, Arino J, Serna A, Santos I, Apecechea A, Iturburu I, Garcia Pena JM.
[Zinc deficiency caused by postgastrectomy fistula with high flow in a patient
undergoing prolonged parenteral nutrition]
Nutr Hosp. 1990 Sep-Oct;5(5):334-7. Spanish.
PMID: 2127725

572: Lee MG, Hong KT, Kim JJ.
Transient symptomatic zinc deficiency in a full-term breast-fed infant.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Aug;23(2 Pt 2):375-9.
PMID: 2394857

573: Arcasoy A, Akar N, Ors U, Delilbasi L, Karayalcin S.
Ultrastructural changes in the mucosa of the small intestine in patients with
geophagia (Prasad's syndrome).
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990 Aug;11(2):279-82.
PMID: 2395069

574: Fenwick PK, Aggett PJ, Macdonald DC, Huber C, Wakelin D.
Zinc deprivation and zinc repletion: effect on the response of rats to
infection with Strongyloides ratti.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Jul;52(1):173-7.
PMID: 2360547

575: Fenwick PK, Aggett PJ, Macdonald D, Huber C, Wakelin D.
Zinc deficiency and zinc repletion: effect on the response of rats to infection
with Trichinella spiralis.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Jul;52(1):166-72.
PMID: 2360546

576: Lofts RH, Schroeder SR, Maier RH.
Effects of serum zinc supplementation on pica behavior of persons with mental
retardation.
Am J Ment Retard. 1990 Jul;95(1):103-9.
PMID: 2386628

577: Constantinidis J.
[Alzheimer's disease and the zinc theory]
Encephale. 1990 Jul-Aug;16(4):231-9. Review. French.
PMID: 2209477

578: O'Dell BL, Conley-Harrison J, Browning JD, Besch-Williford C, Hempe JM,
Savage JE.
Zinc deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in chicks.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1990 May;194(1):1-4.
PMID: 1691505

579: Kuster W, Lombeck I, Frosch D, Goerz G.
[Skin changes in alimentary zinc deficiency caused by artificial infant food]
Z Hautkr. 1990 Feb;65(2):147-8, 151-3. German.
PMID: 2343615

580: Michaelsson G, Ljunghall K.
Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, acne, psoriasis and Darier's disease
have low epidermal zinc concentrations.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1990;70(4):304-8.
PMID: 1977254

581: Safai-Kutti S.
Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa.
Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;361:14-7.
PMID: 2291418

582: Napolitano G, Palka G, Lio S, Bucci I, De Remigis P, Stuppia L, Monaco F.
Is zinc deficiency a cause of subclinical hypothyroidism in Down syndrome?
Ann Genet. 1990;33(1):9-15.
PMID: 2142391

583: Keen CL, Gershwin ME.
Zinc deficiency and immune function.
Annu Rev Nutr. 1990;10:415-31. Review.
PMID: 2200472

584: Stapleton KM, O'Loughlin E, Relic JP.
Transient zinc deficiency in a breast-fed premature infant.
Australas J Dermatol. 1995 Aug;36(3):157-9.
PMID: 7487743

585: Golub MS, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Hendrickx AG.
Developmental zinc deficiency and behavior.
J Nutr. 1995 Aug;125(8 Suppl):2263S-2271S. Review.
PMID: 7623165

586: Browning JD, O'Dell BL.
Zinc deficiency decreases the concentration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
in guinea pig cortical synaptic membranes.
J Nutr. 1995 Aug;125(8):2083-9.
PMID: 7643242

587: Kaswan S, Bedwal RS.
Light and electron microscopic changes in the ovary of zinc deficient BALB/c
mice.
Indian J Exp Biol. 1995 Jul;33(7):469-79.
PMID: 7590954

588: Minami T, Ichii M, Okazaki Y, Kubo M, Kadota E, Inoue T, Yamada Y, Fushimi H.
Renal changes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed a low-zinc diet.
Ren Fail. 1995 Jul;17(4):349-63.
PMID: 7569108

589: Hafiez AA, el-Kirdassy ZH, el-Malkh NM, el-Zayat EM.
Role of zinc in regulating the testicular function. Part 3. Histopathological
changes induced by dietary zinc deficiency in testes of male albino rats.
Nahrung. 1990;34(1):65-73.
PMID: 2325752

590: Favier A, Favier M.
[Effects of zinc deficiency in pregnancy on the mother and the newborn infant]
Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1990 Jan;85(1):13-27. Review. French.
PMID: 2183334

591: Constantinidis J.
[Alzheimer's dementia and zinc]
Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1990;141(6):523-56. Review. French.
PMID: 1705360

592: Oteiza PI, Cuellar S, Lonnerdal B, Hurley LS, Keen CL.
Influence of maternal dietary zinc intake on in vitro tubulin polymerization in
fetal rat brain.
Teratology. 1990 Jan;41(1):97-104.
PMID: 2305377

593: Munro CS, Lazaro C, Lawrence CM.
Symptomatic zinc deficiency in breast-fed premature infants.
Br J Dermatol. 1989 Dec;121(6):773-8.
PMID: 2611128

6: Humphries L, Vivian B, Stuart M, McClain CJ.
Zinc deficiency and eating disorders.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1989 Dec;50(12):456-9.
PMID: 2600063

594: Niemi KM, Anttila PH, Kanerva L, Johansson E.
Histopathological study of transient acrodermatitis enteropathica due to
decreased zinc in breast milk.
J Cutan Pathol. 1989 Dec;16(6):382-7.
PMID: 2613951

595: Endre L, Gergely A, Osvath P, Szolnoky M, Nagy J.
[Incidence of food allergy and zinc deficiency in children treated for atopic
dermatitis]
Orv Hetil. 1989 Nov 12;130(46):2465-9. Review. Hungarian.
PMID: 2682451

596: Naveh Y, Mandel H, Berant M.
Clinical zinc deficiency during zinc-supplemented formula.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989 Nov;9(4):513-6.
PMID: 2621529

10: Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Golub MS, Uriu-Hare JY, Olin KL, Hendrickx AG,
Gershwin ME.
Influence of marginal maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcome and infant
zinc status in rhesus monkeys.
Pediatr Res. 1989 Nov;26(5):470-7.
PMID: 2812899

597: Van Wouwe JP.
Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Eur J Pediatr. 1989 Oct;149(1):2-8. Review.
PMID: 2691254

598: Mack D, Koletzko B, Cunnane S, Cutz E, Griffiths A.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica with normal serum zinc levels: diagnostic value of
small bowel biopsy and essential fatty acid determination.
Gut. 1989 Oct;30(10):1426-9.
PMID: 2638577

599: Gupta RP, Verma PC, Sadana JR, Gupta VK.
Effect of experimental zinc deficiency and repletion on sodium, potassium,
copper and iron concentrations in guinea-pigs.
Br J Nutr. 1989 Sep;62(2):407-14.
PMID: 2819024

600: Jagadeesan V.
Study of activating and conjugating enzymes of drug metabolism in zinc
deficiency.
Indian J Exp Biol. 1989 Sep;27(9):799-801.
PMID: 2632399

601: Meftah S, Prasad AS.
Nucleotides in lymphocytes of human subjects with zinc deficiency.
J Lab Clin Med. 1989 Aug;114(2):114-9.
PMID: 2502589

602: Canton MC, Cotter BM, Cremin FM, Morrissey PA.
The effect of dietary zinc deficiency on pancreatic gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
(EC 3.4.22.12) activity and on the absorption of pteroylpolyglutamate in rats.
Br J Nutr. 1989 Jul;62(1):185-93.
PMID: 2789981

603: Gibson RS, Vanderkooy PD, MacDonald AC, Goldman A, Ryan BA, Berry M.
A growth-limiting, mild zinc-deficiency syndrome in some southern Ontario boys with low height percentiles.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Jun;49(6):1266-73.
PMID: 2729165

604: Cossack ZT.
T-lymphocyte dysfunction in the elderly associated with zinc deficiency and
subnormal nucleoside phosphorylase activity: effect of zinc supplementation.
Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 Jun;25(6):973-6.
PMID: 2502416

605: Luo CH, Chen J, Yang XJ, Li YQ, Xu B, Zheng DY, Qian YQ.
[Influence of zinc deprivation on thymus, spleen development and adenosine
deaminase activity in young rats]
Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1989 Jun;20(2):199-202. Chinese.
PMID: 2591934

606: Mamba K, Taniguchi K, Kagabu S, Makita T.
Quantitative and morphological studies on the influence of zinc deficiency on
the liver of pregnant rats.
Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1989 Jun;51(3):566-73.
PMID: 2761150

607: Kisban G, Csaki J, Bartalits L.
[Significance of zinc administration in premature infants]
Orv Hetil. 1989 Apr 9;130(15):777-9. Review. Hungarian.
PMID: 2652032

608: Nishi Y, Hatano S, Aihara K, Fujie A, Kihara M.
Transient partial growth hormone deficiency due to zinc deficiency.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Apr;8(2):93-7.
PMID: 2708733

609: Yoshida S.
[Study on the deficiency of trace element induced by aging. 2. Effects of zinc deficiency on rats oral mucosa]
Nippon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi. 1989 Apr;33(2):376-90. Japanese.
PMID: 2489572

610: Bunk MJ, Dnistrian AM, Schwartz MK, Rivlin RS.
Dietary zinc deficiency decreases plasma concentrations of vitamin E.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1989 Apr;190(4):379-84.
PMID: 2928352

611: Shambaugh GE Jr.
Zinc: the neglected nutrient.
Am J Otol. 1989 Mar;10(2):156-60.
PMID: 2786676

612: Walling A, Householder M, Walling A.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Am Fam Physician. 1989 Feb;39(2):151-4.
PMID: 2916395

613: Kenny F, Sriram K, Hammond JB.
Clinical zinc deficiency during adequate enteral nutrition.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Feb;8(1):83-5.
PMID: 2494248

614: Couinaud C.
[An unknown syndrome: acute zinc deficiency in the elderly in a surgical
milieu]
Chirurgie. 1989;115(1):44-7. Review. French.
PMID: 2676418

615: Popovici D, Peretianu D.
Clinical and biological correlations related to zinc depletion and lipid
peroxide generation in some metabolic and endocrine diseases.
Med Interne. 1989 Jan-Mar;27(1):57-64.
PMID: 2749159

616: Lawson MJ, Butler RN, Goland GJ, Jarrett IG, Roberts-Thomson IC, Partick EJ, Dreosti IE.
Zinc deficiency is associated with suppression of colonocyte proliferation in the distal large bowel of rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Dec;18:115-21.
PMID: 2484556

617: Southon S, Kechrid Z, Wright AJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ.
Effect of reduced dietary zinc intake on carbohydrate and Zn metabolism in the genetically diabetic mouse (C57BL/KsJ db+/db+).
Br J Nutr. 1988 Nov;60(3):499-507.
PMID: 3219321

618: Fong LY, Cheung T, Ho YS.
Effect of nutritional zinc-deficiency on O6-alkylguanine-DNA-methyl-transferase activities in rat tissues.
Cancer Lett. 1988 Nov;42(3):217-23.
PMID: 3191474

619: Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Scarpace PJ.
The role of zinc status in altered cardiac adenylate cyclase activity in
diabetic rats.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988 Oct;119(2):174-80.
PMID: 2845690

620: Castillo-Duran C, Vial P, Uauy R.
Trace mineral balance during acute diarrhea in infants.
J Pediatr. 1988 Sep;113(3):452-7.
PMID: 3411389

621: Law JS, McBride SA, Graham S, Nelson NR, Slotnick BM, Henkin RI.
Zinc deficiency decreases the activity of calmodulin regulated cyclic
nucleotide phosphodiesterases in vivo in selected rat tissues.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Aug;16(3):221-6.
PMID: 2484550

622: Avery RA, Bettger WJ.
Effect of dietary zinc deficiency and the associated drop in voluntary food
intake on rat erythrocyte membrane polyamines.
J Nutr. 1988 Aug;118(8):987-94.
PMID: 3404290

623: Boron B, Hupert J, Barch DH, Fox CC, Friedman H, Layden TJ, Mobarhan S.
Effect of zinc deficiency on hepatic enzymes regulating vitamin A status.
J Nutr. 1988 Aug;118(8):995-1001.
PMID: 3404291

624: Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG.
Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. VIII. Effects in early adolescence.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jun;47(6):1046-51.
PMID: 3376903

625: Leek JC, Keen CL, Vogler JB, Golub MS, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG, Gershwin ME.
Long-term marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. IV. Effects on skeletal growth and mineralization.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 May;47(5):889-95.
PMID: 3364404

626: Gupta RP, Verma PC, Sadana JR, Gupta RK.
Studies on the pathology of experimental zinc deficiency in guinea-pigs.
J Comp Pathol. 1988 May;98(4):405-13.
PMID: 3417909

627: Vruwink KG, Hurley LS, Gershwin ME, Keen CL.
Gestational zinc deficiency amplifies the regulation of metallothionein
induction in adult mice.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1988 May;188(1):30-4.
PMID: 3368476

628: Pinelli A, Trivulzio S.
Antiprostatic effect associated with zinc depletion in cimetidine-treated rats.
Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 Apr;20(4):329-35.
PMID: 3387461

629: De Virgiliis S, Congia M, Turco MP, Frau F, Dessi C, Argiolu F, Sorcinelli
R, Sitzia A, Cao A.
Depletion of trace elements and acute ocular toxicity induced by
desferrioxamine in patients with thalassaemia.
Arch Dis Child. 1988 Mar;63(3):250-5.
PMID: 3355204

630: Babenko GA, Zaviiskii IuM.
[Effect of exogenous zinc deficiency on the duration of skin graft functioning]
Vopr Pitan. 1988 Mar-Apr;(2):48-51. Russian.
PMID: 3291391

631: Glover MT, Atherton DJ.
Transient zinc deficiency in two full-term breast-fed siblings associated with
low maternal breast milk zinc concentration.
Pediatr Dermatol. 1988 Feb;5(1):10-3.
PMID: 3380757

632: Suliman HB, Abdelrahim AI, Zakia AM, Shommein AM.
Zinc deficiency in sheep: field cases.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 1988 Feb;20(1):47-51.
PMID: 3354059

633: Koo SI, Lee CC.
Compositional changes in plasma high-density lipoprotein particles in
marginally zinc-deficient male rats.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jan;47(1):120-7.
PMID: 3337030

634: Chen SY.
Studies on cell migration, adenylate cyclase and membrane-coating granules in
the buccal epithelium of the zinc-deficient rabbit, including the influence of
isoproterenol.
Arch Oral Biol. 1988;33(9):645-51.
PMID: 3245789

635: Naganuma M, Ikeda M, Tomita H.
Changes in soft palate taste buds of rats due to aging and zinc
deficiency--scanning electron microscopic observation.
Auris Nasus Larynx. 1988;15(2):117-27.
PMID: 3207412

636: Verma PC, Gupta RP, Sadana JR, Gupta RK.
Effect of experimental zinc deficiency and repletion on some immunological
variables in guinea-pigs.
Br J Nutr. 1988 Jan;59(1):149-54.
PMID: 2449907

637: Harding AJ, Dreosti IE, Tulsi RS.
Zinc deficiency in the 11 day rat embryo: a scanning and transmission electron
microscope study.
Life Sci. 1988;42(8):889-96.
PMID: 3343888

638: Cannon DS, Crawford IL, Carrell LE.
Zinc deficiency conditions food aversions in rats.
Physiol Behav. 1988;42(3):245-7.
PMID: 3406151

639: Kukhtevich AV, Ermolenko VM, Bunatian AF, Gitel' EP, Nosova AA.
[Zinc in the treatment of hypogonadism in patients with renal pathology]
Ter Arkh. 1988;60(6):79-82. Russian.
PMID: 3206378

640: Law JS, McBride SA, Graham S, Nelson NR, Slotnick BM, Henkin RI.
In vivo effects of zinc deficiency on calmodulin concentrations in selected rat
tissues.
Life Sci. 1987 Dec 14;41(24):2597-606.
PMID: 3695798

641: Fraker PJ, Jardieu P, Cook J.
Zinc deficiency and immune function.
Arch Dermatol. 1987 Dec;123(12):1699-701. Review.
PMID: 3120653

642: Koo SI, Lee CC, Norvell JE.
Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on the apolipoprotein-B content and size of
mesenteric lymph chylomicrons in adult rats.
Lipids. 1987 Dec;22(12):1035-40.
PMID: 3451009

643: Kurtogu S, Patiroglu TE, Karakas SE.
Effect of growth hormone on epiphyseal growth plates in zinc deficiency.
Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1987 Dec;12(5-6):325-9.
PMID: 3508657

644: O'Dell BL, Browning JD, Reeves PG.
Zinc deficiency increases the osmotic fragility of rat erythrocytes.
J Nutr. 1987 Nov;117(11):1883-9.
PMID: 3681479

645: Milne DB, Canfield WK, Gallagher SK, Hunt JR, Klevay LM.
Ethanol metabolism in postmenopausal women fed a diet marginal in zinc.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Oct;46(4):688-93.
PMID: 3661484

646: Barch DH, Fox CC.
Dietary zinc deficiency increases the methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced formation
of O6-methylguanine in the esophageal DNA of the rat.
Carcinogenesis. 1987 Oct;8(10):1461-4.
PMID: 3652382

647: Favier M, Favier A, Robert E, Guignier M, Malinas Y.
[Can zinc deficiency in the mother be responsible for the occurrence of spina
bifida aperta in the fetus?]
Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1987 Oct;82(10):575-81. French.
PMID: 2446372

648: Katz RL, Keen CL, Litt IF, Hurley LS, Kellams-Harrison KM, Glader LJ.
Zinc deficiency in anorexia nervosa.
J Adolesc Health Care. 1987 Sep;8(5):400-6.
PMID: 3312133

649: Morrison JN, Bremner I.
Effect of maternal zinc supply on blood and tissue metallothionein I
concentrations in suckling rats.
J Nutr. 1987 Sep;117(9):1588-94.
PMID: 3655938

650: Bremner I, Morrison JN, Wood AM, Arthur JR.
Effects of changes in dietary zinc, copper and selenium supply and of endotoxin
administration on metallothionein I concentrations in blood cells and urine in
the rat.
J Nutr. 1987 Sep;117(9):1595-602.
PMID: 3309208

651: Andrews GK, Gallant KR, Cherian MG.
Regulation of the ontogeny of rat liver metallothionein mRNA by zinc.
Eur J Biochem. 1987 Aug 3;166(3):527-31.
PMID: 3609024

652: Hallmans G, Nilsson U, Sjostrom R, Wetter L, Wing K.
The importance of the body's need for zinc in determining Zn availability in
food: a principle demonstrated in the rat.
Br J Nutr. 1987 Jul;58(1):59-64.
PMID: 3620438

653: Hicks SE, Wallwork JC.
Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on protein synthesis in cell-free systems
isolated from rat liver.
J Nutr. 1987 Jul;117(7):1234-40.
PMID: 3612302

654: Haynes DC, Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Cheung AT, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG.
Long-term marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. I. Effects on adult
female breeders before conception.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Jun;45(6):1492-502.
PMID: 3591730

655: Simmer K, Iles CA, Slavin B, Keeling PW, Thompson RP.
Maternal nutrition and intrauterine growth retardation.
Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1987 May;41(3):193-7.
PMID: 3610665

656: Jay M, Stuart SM, McClain CJ, Palmieri DA, Butterfield DA.
Alternations in lipid membrane fluidity and the physical state of cell-surface
sialic acid in zinc-deficient rat erythrocyte ghosts.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Mar 12;897(3):507-11.
PMID: 3028487

657: Browning JD, Reeves PG, O'Dell BL.
Zinc deficiency in rats reduces the vasodilation response to bradykinin and
prostacyclin.
J Nutr. 1987 Mar;117(3):490-5.
PMID: 2883270

658: Rogers JM, Hurley LS.
Effects of zinc deficiency on morphogenesis of the fetal rat eye.
Development. 1987 Feb;99(2):231-8.
PMID: 3652998

659: Cho CH, Fong LY, Ma PC, Ogle CW.
Zinc deficiency: its role in gastric secretion and stress-induced gastric
ulceration in rats.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987 Feb;26(2):293-7.
PMID: 3575353

660: Ayala S, Brenner RR.
[Effect of zinc deficiency on the in vivo biosynthesis of fatty acids of the
linoleic series in the rat]
Acta Physiol Pharmacol Latinoam. 1987;37(3):321-30. Spanish.
PMID: 3503471

661: Giugliano R, Millward DJ.
The effects of severe zinc deficiency on protein turnover in muscle and thymus.
Br J Nutr. 1987 Jan;57(1):139-55.
PMID: 2432920

662: Oliver JW, Sachan DS, Su P, Applehans FM.
Effects of zinc deficiency on thyroid function.
Drug Nutr Interact. 1987;5(2):113-24.
PMID: 3608829

663: Wensink J, Lenglet WJ, Vis RD, Van den Hamer CJ.
The effect of dietary zinc deficiency on the mossy fiber zinc content of the
rat hippocampus. A microbeam PIXE study. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission.
Histochemistry. 1987;87(1):65-9.
PMID: 3610674

664: Song MK.
Influence of dietary zinc content on sodium and potassium metabolism in the
rat.
Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1987;13(3):178-82.
PMID: 3627048

665: Eberhardt MJ, Halas ES.
Developmental delays in offspring of rats undernourished or zinc deprived
during lactation.
Physiol Behav. 1987;41(4):309-14.
PMID: 3432383

666: Bruske K, Salfeld K.
[Zinc and its status in some dermatologic diseases--a statistical assessment]
Z Hautkr. 1987;62 Suppl 1:125-31. German.
PMID: 3442079

667: Nurnberger F.
[Zinc deficiency in artificial nutrition]
Z Hautkr. 1987;62 Suppl 1:104-10. German.
PMID: 3126609

668: Anttila PH, von Willebrand E, Simell O.
Abnormal immune responses during hypozincaemia in acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Acta Paediatr Scand. 1986 Nov;75(6):988-92.
PMID: 3494377

669: Vanderhoof JA, Park JH, Grandjean CJ.
Effect of zinc deficiency on mucosal hyperplasia following 70% bowel resection.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Nov;44(5):670-7.
PMID: 3766452

670: Jacobson SG, Meadows NJ, Keeling PW, Mitchell WD, Thompson RP.
Rod mediated retinal dysfunction in cats with zinc depletion: comparison with
taurine depletion.
Clin Sci (Lond). 1986 Nov;71(5):559-64.
PMID: 3769404

671: Masters DG, Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Hurley LS.
Release of zinc from maternal tissues during zinc deficiency or simultaneous
zinc and calcium deficiency in the pregnant rat.
J Nutr. 1986 Nov;116(11):2148-54.
PMID: 3794823

672: Schneeman BO, Lacy D, Ney D, Lefevre ML, Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Hurley LS.
Similar effects of zinc deficiency and restricted feeding on plasma lipids and
lipoproteins in rats.
J Nutr. 1986 Oct;116(10):1889-95.
PMID: 3772519

673: Kawamoto JC, Castonguay TW, Keen CL, Stern JS, Hurley LS.
Age, sex and reproductive status alter the severity of anorexia in zinc
deficient rats.
Physiol Behav. 1986 Oct;38(4):485-93.
PMID: 3469681

674: Leure-Dupree AE.
Vascularization of the rat cornea after prolonged zinc deficiency.
Anat Rec. 1986 Sep;216(1):27-32.
PMID: 2429589

675: Li ET, O'Dell BL.
Effect of zinc status on the binding of prostaglandins to ovarian membranes and
intact platelets of pregnant rats.
J Nutr. 1986 Aug;116(8):1448-55.
PMID: 3463679

676: Lee JS, Fong LY.
Decreased glutathione transferase activities in zinc-deficient rats.
Carcinogenesis. 1986 Jul;7(7):1111-3.
PMID: 3719905

677: Schrager TF, Busby WF Jr, Goldman ME, Newberne PM.
Enhancement of methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal carcinogenesis in
zinc-deficient rats: effects on incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of
esophageal epithelium and liver.
Carcinogenesis. 1986 Jul;7(7):1121-6.
PMID: 3719907

678: Rothman RJ, Leure-duPree AE, Fosmire GJ.
Zinc deficiency affects the composition of the rat adrenal gland.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986 Jul;182(3):350-7.
PMID: 3714717

679: Krieger I, Alpern BE, Cunnane SC.
Transient neonatal zinc deficiency.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Jun;43(6):955-8.
PMID: 3717070

680: Wada L, King JC.
Effect of low zinc intakes on basal metabolic rate, thyroid hormones and
protein utilization in adult men.
J Nutr. 1986 Jun;116(6):1045-53.
PMID: 3723200

681: Bray TM, Kubow S, Bettger WJ.
Effect of dietary zinc on endogenous free radical production in rat lung
microsomes.
J Nutr. 1986 Jun;116(6):1054-60.
PMID: 3014092

682: Record IR, Dreosti IE, Tulsi RS, Manuel SJ.
Maternal metabolism and teratogenesis in zinc-deficient rats.
Teratology. 1986 Jun;33(3):311-7.
PMID: 3738824

683: Gupta RP, Verma PC, Gupta RK.
Experimental zinc deficiency in guinea-pigs: biochemical changes.
Br J Nutr. 1986 May;55(3):613-20.
PMID: 3676179

684: Jhangiani S, Prince L, Holmes R, Agarwal N.
Clinical zinc deficiency during long-term total enteral nutrition.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986 May;34(5):385-8.
PMID: 3082961

685: Fraker PJ, Gershwin ME, Good RA, Prasad A.
Interrelationships between zinc and immune function.
Fed Proc. 1986 Apr;45(5):1474-9.
PMID: 3485544

686: Perez-Jimenez F, Bockman DE, Singh M.
Pancreatic acinar cell function and morphology in rats fed zinc-deficient and
marginal zinc-deficient diets.
Gastroenterology. 1986 Apr;90(4):946-57.
PMID: 2419200

687: Park JH, Grandjean CJ, Antonson DL, Vanderhoof JA.
Effects of isolated zinc deficiency on the composition of skeletal muscle,
liver and bone during growth in rats.
J Nutr. 1986 Apr;116(4):610-7.
PMID: 3958807

688: Tyrala EE.
Zinc and copper balances in preterm infants.
Pediatrics. 1986 Apr;77(4):513-7.
PMID: 3960619

689: Garfinkel D.
Is aging inevitable? The intracellular zinc deficiency hypothesis of aging.
Med Hypotheses. 1986 Feb;19(2):117-37. Review.
PMID: 3517602

690: Kuramoto Y, Igarashi Y, Kato S, Tagami H.
Acquired zinc deficiency in two breast-fed mature infants.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1986;66(4):359-61.
PMID: 2430414

691: Barch DH, Iannaccone PM.
Role of zinc deficiency in carcinogenesis.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1986;206:517-27.
PMID: 3591537

692: Gallant KR, Cherian MG.
Influence of maternal mineral deficiency on the hepatic metallothionein and
zinc in newborn rats.
Biochem Cell Biol. 1986 Jan;64(1):8-12.
PMID: 3964467

693: Southon S, Gee JM, Johnson IT.
Hexose absorption from jejunal loops in situ in zinc-deficient and
Zn-supplemented rats.
Br J Nutr. 1986 Jan;55(1):193-200.
PMID: 3663574

694: Fong LY, Lui CP, NG WL, Newberne PM.
The effect of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitroso-N-benzylmethylamine on
[3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of target and non-target tissues in the
zinc-deficient rat.
Cancer Lett. 1986 Jan;30(1):61-71.
PMID: 3943081

695: Evans GW.
Zinc and its deficiency diseases.
Clin Physiol Biochem. 1986;4(1):94-8. Review.
PMID: 3514057

696: Dura Trave T, Puig Abuli M, Monreal I, Villa Elizaga I.
Plasmatic zinc concentrations during pregnancy in zinc-deficient rats in
relation to neonatal outcome.
Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1986;22(3):134-9.
PMID: 3781344

697: Vannucchi H, Kutnink MD, Sauberlich M, Howerde E.
Interaction among niacin, vitamin B6 and zinc in rats receiving ethanol.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1986;56(4):355-62.
PMID: 3804611

698: Cunnane SC, Ainley CC, Keeling PW, Thompson RP, Crawford MA.
Diminished phospholipid incorporation of essential fatty acids in peripheral
blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease: correlation with zinc
depletion.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1986;5(5):451-8.
PMID: 3097102

699: Reeves PG, O'Dell BL.
Effects of dietary zinc deprivation on the activity of angiotensin-converting
enzyme in serum of rats and guinea pigs.
J Nutr. 1986 Jan;116(1):128-34.
PMID: 3003288

700: Waalkes MP.
Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on the accumulation of cadmium and
metallothionein in selected tissues of the rat.
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1986;18(2):301-13.
PMID: 3712492

Zinc: 1000 Citations

701: Petit TL, LeBoutillier JC.
Zinc deficiency in the postnatal rat: implications for lead toxicity.
Neurotoxicology. 1986 Spring;7(1):237-46.
PMID: 3714124

702: Perez-Jimenez F, Singh M, Bockman DE, Hahn HK.
Interaction between marginal zinc deficiency and chronic alcoholism: pancreatic
structure and function in rats in vitro.
Pancreas. 1986;1(3):254-63.
PMID: 2437569

703: Halas ES, Hunt CD, Eberhardt MJ.
Learning and memory disabilities in young adult rats from mildly zinc deficient
dams.
Physiol Behav. 1986;37(3):451-8.
PMID: 3749304

704: Styrud J, Dahlstrom VE, Eriksson UJ.
Induction of skeletal malformations in the offspring of rats fed a zinc
deficient diet.
Ups J Med Sci. 1986;91(1):29-36.
PMID: 3716021

705: Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG, Saito WY.
Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys: infant behavior.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Dec;42(6):1229-39.
PMID: 4072958

706: Zarling EJ, Mobarhan S, Donahue PE.
Does zinc deficiency affect intestinal protein content or disaccharidase
activity?
J Lab Clin Med. 1985 Dec;106(6):708-11.
PMID: 3934298

707: Park JH, Grandjean CJ, Antonson DL, Vanderhoof JA.
Effects of short-term isolated zinc deficiency on intestinal growth and
activities of several brush border enzymes in weaning rats.
Pediatr Res. 1985 Dec;19(12):1333-6.
PMID: 4080454

708: Record IR, Tulsi RS, Dreosti IE, Fraser FJ.
Cellular necrosis in zinc-deficient rat embryos.
Teratology. 1985 Dec;32(3):397-405.
PMID: 4082071

709: Chen XC, Yin TA, He JS, Ma QY, Han ZM, Li LX.
Low levels of zinc in hair and blood, pica, anorexia, and poor growth in
Chinese preschool children.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Oct;42(4):694-700.
PMID: 3863480

710: Sanecki RK, Corbin JE, Forbes RM.
Extracutaneous histologic changes accompanying zinc deficiency in pups.
Am J Vet Res. 1985 Oct;46(10):2120-3.
PMID: 4062016

711: Wasik F, Baran E, Andrzejak R, Waniewska I, Sierawska M.
[Zinc content of leukocytes and serum in psoriasis patients]
Hautarzt. 1985 Oct;36(10):573-6. German.
PMID: 4066318

712: Prasad AS.
Clinical and biochemical manifestation zinc deficiency in human subjects.
J Pharmacol. 1985 Oct-Dec;16(4):344-52. Review.
PMID: 2419703

713: Gupta RP, Verma PC, Gupta RK.
Experimental zinc deficiency in guinea-pigs: clinical signs and some
haematological studies.
Br J Nutr. 1985 Sep;54(2):421-8.
PMID: 4063328

714: Keppen LD, Pysher T, Rennert OM.
Zinc deficiency acts as a co-teratogen with alcohol in fetal alcohol syndrome.
Pediatr Res. 1985 Sep;19(9):944-7.
PMID: 4047764

715: Haynes DC, Gershwin ME, Golub MS, Cheung AT, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG.
Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys: VI. Influence on the
immunohematology of infants in the first year.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Aug;42(2):252-62.
PMID: 4025197

716: Prasad AS.
Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical effects of zinc deficiency.
Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Aug;14(3):567-89. Review.
PMID: 3905080

717: Daeschner CW 3rd, Carpentieri U, Goldman AS, Haggard ME.
Zinc deficiency and blood lymphocyte function with sickle cell disease.
Scand J Haematol. 1985 Aug;35(2):186-90.
PMID: 3876597

718: Senapati A, Thompson RP.
Zinc deficiency and the prolonged accumulation of zinc in wounds.
Br J Surg. 1985 Jul;72(7):583-4.
PMID: 4016546

719: Moran JR, Lyerly A.
The effects of severe zinc deficiency on intestinal amino acid losses in the
rat.
Life Sci. 1985 Jul 1;36(26):2515-21.
PMID: 4010465

720: Chisolm JC, Handorf CR.
Zinc, cadmium, metallothionein, and progesterone: do they participate in the
etiology of pregnancy induced hypertension?
Med Hypotheses. 1985 Jul;17(3):231-42. Review.
PMID: 3900651

721: Simmer K, Punchard NA, Murphy G, Thompson RP.
Prostaglandin production and zinc depletion in human pregnancy.
Pediatr Res. 1985 Jul;19(7):697-700.
PMID: 4022677

722: Kruis W, Rindfleisch GE, Weinzierl M.
Zinc deficiency as a problem in patients with Crohn's disease and fistula
formation.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1985 Jun;32(3):133-4.
PMID: 4018707

723: Burke JP, Fenton MR.
Effect of a zinc-deficient diet on lipid peroxidation in liver and tumor
subcellular membranes.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1985 Jun;179(2):187-91.
PMID: 3991604

724: Record IR, Dreosti IE, Tulsi RS.
In vitro development of zinc-deficient and replete rat embryos.
Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1985 Feb;63 ( Pt 1):65-71.
PMID: 4015550

725: Schoelmerich J, Becher MS, Hoppe-Seyler P, Matern S, Haeussinger D, Loehle
E, Koettgen E, Gerok W.
Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated
with activity but not with localization or extent of the disease.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1985 Feb;32(1):34-8.
PMID: 3988225

726: Wallwork JC, Duerre JA.
Effect of zinc deficiency on methionine metabolism, methylation reactions and
protein synthesis in isolated perfused rat liver.
J Nutr. 1985 Feb;115(2):252-62.
PMID: 3968590

727: Sato F, Watanabe T, Hoshi E, Endo A.
Teratogenic effect of maternal zinc deficiency and its co-teratogenic effect
with cadmium.
Teratology. 1985 Feb;31(1):13-8.
PMID: 3983855

728: Rogers JM, Keen CL, Hurley LS.
Zinc deficiency in pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats: teratogenicity and tissue
trace elements.
Teratology. 1985 Feb;31(1):89-100.
PMID: 3983863

729: Simmer K, Thompson RP.
Zinc in the fetus and newborn.
Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1985;319:158-63.
PMID: 3868917

730: Villa Elizaga I, da Cunha Ferreira RM.
Zinc, pregnancy and parturition.
Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1985;319:150-7.
PMID: 3868916

731: Prasad AS.
Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency.
Annu Rev Nutr. 1985;5:341-63. Review.
PMID: 3896271

732: Masters DG, Chapman RE, Vaughan JD.
Effects of zinc deficiency on the wool growth, skin and wool follicles of
pre-ruminant lambs.
Aust J Biol Sci. 1985;38(4):355-64.
PMID: 3834887

733: Murphy JF, Gray OP, Rendall JR, Hann S.
Zinc deficiency: a problem with preterm breast milk.
Early Hum Dev. 1985 Jan;10(3-4):303-7.
PMID: 3987580

734: Prasad AS.
Clinical and biochemical manifestations of zinc deficiency in human subjects.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1985;4(1):65-72. Review.
PMID: 2580877

735: Tapazoglou E, Prasad AS, Hill G, Brewer GJ, Kaplan J.
Decreased natural killer cell activity in patients with zinc deficiency with
sickle cell disease.
J Lab Clin Med. 1985 Jan;105(1):19-22.
PMID: 3968462

736: McClain CJ, Kasarskis EJ Jr, Allen JJ.
Functional consequences of zinc deficiency.
Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1985;9(1-2):185-226. Review.
PMID: 3911268

737: Hallmans G, Lasek J.
The effect of topical zinc absorption from wounds on growth and the wound
healing process in zinc-deficient rats.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;19(2):119-25.
PMID: 4070979

738: Prasad AS.
Clinical, endocrinologic, and biochemical effects of zinc deficiency.
Spec Top Endocrinol Metab. 1985;7:45-76. Review.
PMID: 3914098

739: Leek JC, Vogler JB, Gershwin ME, Golub MS, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG.
Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. V. Fetal and infant
skeletal effects.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Dec;40(6):1203-12.
PMID: 6507342

740: Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Saito WY, Hendrickx AG.
Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. IV. Growth of infants
in the first year.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Dec;40(6):1192-202.
PMID: 6507341

741: Mountokalakis T, Dourakis S, Karatzas N, Maravelias C, Koutselinis A.
Zinc deficiency in mild hypertensive patients treated with diuretics.
J Hypertens Suppl. 1984 Dec;2(3):S571-2.
PMID: 6152785

742: McClain CJ, Gavaler JS, Van Thiel DH.
Hypogonadism in the zinc-deficient rat: localization of the functional
abnormalities.
J Lab Clin Med. 1984 Dec;104(6):1007-15.
PMID: 6438259

743: Held DD, Hoekstra WG.
The effects of zinc deficiency on turnover of cadmium-metallothionein in rat
liver.
J Nutr. 1984 Dec;114(12):2274-82.
PMID: 6502271

744: Cunnane SC, Horrobin DF, Manku MS.
Essential fatty acids in tissue phospholipids and triglycerides of the
zinc-deficient rat.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1984 Dec;177(3):441-6.
PMID: 6440147

745: Chanmugam P, Wheeler C, Hwang DH.
The effect of zinc deficiency on prostaglandin synthesis in rat testes.
J Nutr. 1984 Nov;114(11):2066-72.
PMID: 6593439

746: de Amorim CS, Collares EF, Rossi MA, Zucoloto S, de Souza NM.
[Morphological study of the small intestine in rats with experimental zinc
deficiency]
Arq Gastroenterol. 1984 Oct-Dec;20(4):170-4. Portuguese.
PMID: 6743049

747: Prasad AS.
Discovery and importance of zinc in human nutrition.
Fed Proc. 1984 Oct;43(13):2829-34. Review.
PMID: 6383875

748: Das I, Burch RE, Hahn HK.
Effects of zinc deficiency on ethanol metabolism and alcohol and aldehyde
dehydrogenase activities.
J Lab Clin Med. 1984 Oct;104(4):610-7.
PMID: 6384394

749: DePasquale-Jardieu P, Fraker PJ.
Interference in the development of a secondary immune response in mice by zinc
deprivation: persistence of effects.
J Nutr. 1984 Oct;114(10):1762-9.
PMID: 6481473

750: Dvergsten CL, Fosmire GJ, Ollerich DA, Sandstead HH.
Alterations in the postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex due to zinc
deficiency. II. Impaired maturation of Purkinje cells.
Brain Res. 1984 Sep;318(1):11-20.
PMID: 6488049

751: Ghishan FK.
Transport of electrolytes, water, and glucose in zinc deficiency.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984 Sep;3(4):608-12.
PMID: 6090631

752: Oner G, Bhaumick B, Bala RM.
Effect of zinc deficiency on serum somatomedin levels and skeletal growth in
young rats.
Endocrinology. 1984 May;114(5):1860-3.
PMID: 6714170

753: Kramer TR.
Reevaluation of zinc deficiency on concanavalin-A-induced rat spleen lymphocyte
proliferation.
J Nutr. 1984 May;114(5):953-63.
PMID: 6726465

754: Ng WL, Fong LY, Newberne PM.
Forestomach squamous papillomas in the rat: effect of dietary zinc deficiency
on induction.
Cancer Lett. 1984 Apr;22(3):329-32.
PMID: 6713373

755: Kumar SP, Anday EK.
Edema, hypoproteinemia, and zinc deficiency in low-birth-weight infants.
Pediatrics. 1984 Mar;73(3):327-9.
PMID: 6701056

756: Essatara MB, Levine AS, Morley JE, McClain CJ.
Zinc deficiency and anorexia in rats: normal feeding patterns and stress
induced feeding.
Physiol Behav. 1984 Mar;32(3):469-74.
PMID: 6589654

757: Essatara MB, McClain CJ, Levine AS, Morley JE.
Zinc deficiency and anorexia in rats: the effect of central administration of
norepinephrine, muscimol and bromerogocryptine.
Physiol Behav. 1984 Mar;32(3):479-82.
PMID: 6589655

758: Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Baly DL, Hendrickx AG.
Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. I. Influence on
pregnant dams.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Feb;39(2):265-80.
PMID: 6695828

759: Fong LY, Lee JS, Chan WC, Newberne PM.
Zinc deficiency and the development of esophageal and forestomach tumors in
Sprague-Dawley rats fed precursors of N-nitroso-N-benzylmethylamine.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Feb;72(2):419-25.
PMID: 6582327

760: Dura Trave T, Puig Abuli M, da Cunha Ferreira RM, Villa Elizaga I.
Effect of zinc nutrition on parturition and postpartum in the rat.
Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1984;18(5):275-80.
PMID: 6526343

761: Fong LY, Ng WL, Newberne PM.
N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced forestomach tumours in male Sprague-Dawley rats
fed a zinc-deficient diet.
IARC Sci Publ. 1984;(57):543-6.
PMID: 6533046

762: Prasad AS.
Zinc deficiency in sickle cell disease.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984;165:49-58.
PMID: 6504920

763: Wenk GL, Stemmer KL.
Suboptimal dietary zinc intake increases aluminum accumulation into the rat
brain.
Brain Res. 1983 Dec 12;288(1-2):393-5.
PMID: 6661634

764: Beach RS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS.
Persistent immunological consequences of gestation zinc deprivation.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Oct;38(4):579-90.
PMID: 6624700

765: Allen JI, Perri RT, McClain CJ, Kay NE.
Alterations in human natural killer cell activity and monocyte cytotoxicity
induced by zinc deficiency.
J Lab Clin Med. 1983 Oct;102(4):577-89.
PMID: 6604771

766: Wallwork JC, Milne DB, Sims RL, Sandstead HH.
Severe zinc deficiency: effects on the distribution of nine elements
(potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper and
manganese) in regions of the rat brain.
J Nutr. 1983 Oct;113(10):1895-905.
PMID: 6619970

767: Greeley S, Sandstead HH.
Oxidation of alanine and beta-hydroxybutyrate in late gestation by
zinc-restricted rats.
J Nutr. 1983 Sep;113(9):1803-10.
PMID: 6411876

768: Dvergsten CL, Fosmire GJ, Ollerich DA, Sandstead HH.
Alterations in the postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex due to zinc
deficiency. I. Impaired acquisition of granule cells.
Brain Res. 1983 Jul 25;271(2):217-26.
PMID: 6616175

769: Bronson DM, Barsky R, Barsky S.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 Jul;9(1):140-4.
PMID: 6886096

770: Carpentieri U, Smith L, Daeschner CW 3rd, Haggard ME.
Neutrophils and zinc in infection-prone children with sickle cell disease.
Pediatrics. 1983 Jul;72(1):88-92.
PMID: 6866596

771: Arlette JP.
Zinc and the skin.
Pediatr Clin North Am. 1983 Jun;30(3):583-96. Review.
PMID: 6348687

772: Roth HP, Kirchgessner M.
[Effect of zinc deficiency on 3',5'-cyclic-AMP content and parameters of energy
metabolism in the rat]
Z Ernahrungswiss. 1983 Jun;22(2):116-23. German.
PMID: 6308919

773: Cunnane SC, Majid E, Senior J, Mills CF.
Uteroplacental dysfunction and prostaglandin metabolism in zinc deficient
pregnant rats.
Life Sci. 1983 May 23;32(21):2471-8.
PMID: 6406778

774: Reeves PG, O'Dell BL.
The effect of zinc deficiency on glucose metabolism in meal-fed rats.
Br J Nutr. 1983 May;49(3):441-52.
PMID: 6860624

775: Masters DG, Moir RJ.
Effect of zinc deficiency on the pregnant ewe and developing foetus.
Br J Nutr. 1983 May;49(3):365-72.
PMID: 6860622

776: Masters DG, Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Hurley LS.
Zinc deficiency teratogenicity: the protective role of maternal tissue
catabolism.
J Nutr. 1983 Apr;113(4):905-12.
PMID: 6834156

777: Gebhard RL, Karouani R, Prigge WF, McClain CJ.
The effect of severe zinc deficiency on activity of intestinal disaccharidases
and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the rat.
J Nutr. 1983 Apr;113(4):855-9.
PMID: 6403680

778: Gordon PR, Browning JD, O'Dell BL.
Platelet arachidonate metabolism and platelet function in zinc-deficient rats.
J Nutr. 1983 Apr;113(4):766-72.
PMID: 6403678

779: Halas ES, Eberhardt MJ, Diers MA, Sandstead HH.
Learning and memory impairment in adult rats due to severe zinc deficiency
during lactation.
Physiol Behav. 1983 Mar;30(3):371-81.
PMID: 6867134

780: Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Vijayan VK.
Passive avoidance performance of mice fed marginally or severely zinc deficient
diets during post-embryonic brain development.
Physiol Behav. 1983 Mar;30(3):409-13.
PMID: 6867137

781: Ballester OF, Prasad AS.
Anergy, zinc deficiency, and decreased nucleoside phosphorylase activity in
patients with sickle cell anemia.
Ann Intern Med. 1983 Feb;98(2):180-2.
PMID: 6401957

782: McMurray DN, Yetley EA.
Response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in protein- and zinc-deficient
guinea pigs.
Infect Immun. 1983 Feb;39(2):755-61.
PMID: 6339390

783: McMurray DN, Carlomagno MA, Cumberland PA.
Respiratory infection with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra in
malnourished guinea pigs.
Infect Immun. 1983 Feb;39(2):793-9.
PMID: 6403460

784: Ayala S, Brenner RR.
Essential fatty acid status in zinc deficiency. Effect on lipid and fatty acid composition, desaturation activity and structure of microsomal membranes of rat liver and testes.
Acta Physiol Lat Am. 1983;33(3):193-204.
PMID: 6673505

785: Zhavoronkov AA.
[Zinc-deficient states in man]
Arkh Patol. 1983;45(9):77-80. Review. Russian.
PMID: 6360097

786: Aggett PJ.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica.
J Inherit Metab Dis. 1983;6 Suppl 1:39-43.
PMID: 6413773

787: Miller SI, Del Villano BC, Flynn A, Krumhansl M.
Interaction of alcohol and zinc in fetal dysmorphogenesis.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983;18 Suppl 1:311-5.
PMID: 6634846

788: Cavdar AO, Arcasoy A, Cin S, Babacan E, Gozdasoglu S.
Geophagia in Turkey: iron and zinc deficiency, iron and zinc absorption studies
and response to treatment with zinc in geophagia cases.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983;129:71-97.
PMID: 6657708

789: Cavdar AO, Babacan E, Asik S, Arcasoy A, Ertem U, Himmetoglu O, Baycu T, Akar N.
Zinc levels of serum, plasma, erythrocytes and hair in Turkish women with anencephalic babies.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983;129:99-106.
PMID: 6657709

790: Prasad AS.
Zinc deficiency in human subjects.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983;129:1-33. Review.
PMID: 6361778

791: Prasad AS, Cossack ZT.
Zinc in sickle cell disease.
Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1983;96:246-51.
PMID: 6388101

792: Mahajan SK, Prasad AS, Rabbani P, Briggs WA, McDonald FD.
Zinc deficiency: a reversible complication of uremia.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Dec;36(6):1177-83.
PMID: 6890761

793: Beach RS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS.
Nutritional factors and autoimmunity. III. Zinc deprivation versus restricted
food intake in MRL/1 mice--the distinction between interacting dietary
influences.
J Immunol. 1982 Dec;129(6):2686-92.
PMID: 6982939

794: Schmidt H, Riemann JF, Grosse KP.
[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of acrodermatitis enteropathica]
Leber Magen Darm. 1982 Nov;12(6):239-44. German.
PMID: 6306369

795: Reyes AJ, Leary WP, Lockett CJ, Alcocer L.
Diuretics and zinc.
S Afr Med J. 1982 Sep 4;62(11):373-5.
PMID: 7112305

796: Sanecki RK, Corbin JE, Forbes RM.
Tissue changes in dogs fed a zinc-deficient ration.
Am J Vet Res. 1982 Sep;43(9):1642-6.
PMID: 7149412

797: Mahajan SK, Abbasi AA, Prasad AS, Rabbani P, Briggs WA, McDonald FD.
Effect of oral zinc therapy on gonadal function in hemodialysis patients. A
double-blind study.
Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):357-61.
PMID: 7051913

798: Massaro TF, Mohs M, Fosmire G.
Effects of moderate zinc deficiency on cognitive performance in young adult rats.
Physiol Behav. 1982 Jul;29(1):117-21.
PMID: 7122717

799: Meydani SN, Dupont J.
Effect of zinc deficiency on prostaglandin synthesis in different organs of the rat.
J Nutr. 1982 Jun;112(6):1098-104.
PMID: 7045297

800: Beach RS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS.
Reversibility of development retardation following murine fetal zinc deprivation.
J Nutr. 1982 Jun;112(6):1169-81.
PMID: 7086545

801: Fraker PJ, Caruso R, Kierszenbaum F.
Alteration of the immune and nutritional status of mice by synergy between zinc
deficiency and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.
J Nutr. 1982 Jun;112(6):1224-9.
PMID: 6806454

802: Briggs WA, Pedersen MM, Mahajan SK, Sillix DH, Prasad AS, McDonald FD.
Lymphocyte and granulocyte function in zinc-treated and zinc-deficient
hemodialysis patients.
Kidney Int. 1982 Jun;21(6):827-32.
PMID: 7132052

803: Cunnane SC.
Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the
process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation.
Br J Nutr. 1982 May;47(3):495-504.
PMID: 7082621

804: Gabrial GN, Schrager TF, Newberne PM.
Zinc deficiency, alcohol, and retinoid: association with esophageal cancer in
rats.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982 May;68(5):785-9.
PMID: 6951089

805: Gordon EF, Bond JT, Gordon RC, Denny MR.
Zinc deficiency and behavior: a development perspective.
Physiol Behav. 1982 May;28(5):893-7.
PMID: 7100289

806: Rothbaum RJ, Maur PR, Farrell MK.
Serum alkaline phosphatase and zinc undernutrition in infants with chronic diarrhea.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Mar;35(3):595-8.
PMID: 6801964

807: Odutuga AA.
Effects of low-zinc status and essential fatty acid deficiency on growth and
lipid composition of rat brain.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1982 Mar-Apr;9(2):213-21.
PMID: 7127918

808: Moran DM, Russo J Jr, Bell LV.
Zinc deficiency dermatitis accompanying parenteral nutrition supplemented with
trace elements.
Clin Pharm. 1982 Mar-Apr;1(2):169-76.
PMID: 6821033

809: Halas ES, Wallwork JC, Sandstead HH.
Mild zinc deficiency and undernutrition during the prenatal and postnatal
periods in rats: effects on weight, food consumption, and brain catecholamine
concentrations.
J Nutr. 1982 Mar;112(3):542-51.
PMID: 7062148

810: Hsu JM, Rubenstein B.
Effect of zinc deficiency on histidine metabolism in rats.
J Nutr. 1982 Mar;112(3):461-7.
PMID: 6121018

811: Clejan S, Castro-Magana M, Collipp PJ, Jonas E, Maddaiah VT.
Effects of zinc deficiency and castration on fatty acid composition and
desaturation in rats.
Lipids. 1982 Mar;17(3):129-35.
PMID: 7087688

812: Fraker PJ, Zwickl CM, Luecke RW.
Delayed type hypersensitivity in zinc deficient adult mice: impairment and
restoration of responsivity to dinitrofluorobenzene.
J Nutr. 1982 Feb;112(2):309-13.
PMID: 7057269

813: Zimmerman AW, Hambidge KM, Lepow ML, Greenberg RD, Stover ML, Casey CE.
Acrodermatitis in breast-fed premature infants: evidence for a defect of
mammary zinc secretion.
Pediatrics. 1982 Feb;69(2):176-83.
PMID: 7199132

814: Gordon PR, Woodruff CW, Anderson HL, O'Dell BL.
Effect of acute zinc deprivation on plasma zinc and platelet aggregation in
adult males.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Jan;35(1):113-9.
PMID: 6801956

815: Tanaka H, Nakazawa K, Suzuki N, Arima M.
Prevention possibility for brain dysfunction in rat with the fetal alcohol
syndrome--low-zinc-status and hypoglycemia.
Brain Dev. 1982;4(6):429-38.
PMID: 6220620

816: Odutuga AA.
Effects of low-zinc status and essential fatty acid deficiency on bone
development and mineralization.
Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1982;71(3):383-8.
PMID: 6120782

817: Thurnham DI, Rathakette P, Hambidge KM, Munoz N, Crespi M.
Riboflavin, vitamin A and zinc status in Chinese subjects in a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer in China.
Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):337-49.
PMID: 7174357

818: Suh SM, Firek AF.
Magnesium and zinc deficiency and growth retardation in offspring of alcoholic rats.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1982;1(2):193-8.
PMID: 6892243

819: Ross PK, Noordewier B, Hook JB, Bond JT.
Zinc deficiency and the kidney. I. Effect on renal carbonic anhydrase activity.
Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1982;7(5):257-64.
PMID: 6820475

820: Ribeiro RC, Neves FA, Albuquerque RH, Dorea JG, Martinelli JG, da Costa e
Silva A.
Absence of zinc testicular deficiency in the sexual dysfunction of
experimentally induced uremic rats.
Nephron. 1982;30(4):361-3.
PMID: 7202127

821: Blendis LM, Ampil M, Wilson DR, Kiwan J, Labranche J, Johnson M, Williams
C.
The importance of dietary protein in the zinc deficiency of uremia.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Dec;34(12):2658-61.
PMID: 7315767

822: Goldwasser B, Werbin N, Stadler J, Wiznitzer T.
Zinc deficiency during intravenous hyperalimentation.
Isr J Med Sci. 1981 Dec;17(12):1155-7.
PMID: 6799423

823: Alvares O, Johnson D.
Effects of zinc deficiency on rat parotid gland.
J Oral Pathol. 1981 Dec;10(6):430-5.
PMID: 6801237

824: Koo SI, Williams DA.
Relationship between the nutritional status of zinc and cholesterol
concentration of serum lipoproteins in adult male rats.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Nov;34(11):2376-81.
PMID: 6946704

825: Ruth RE, Goldsmith SK.
Interaction between zinc deprivation and acute ethanol intoxication during
pregnancy in rats.
J Nutr. 1981 Nov;111(11):2034-8.
PMID: 7197711

826: Cheek DB, Smith RM, Spargo RM, Francis N.
Zinc, copper and environmental factors in the aboriginal peoples of the North
West.
Aust N Z J Med. 1981 Oct;11(5):508-12.
PMID: 6948543

827: Cerklewski FL.
Effect of suboptimal zinc nutrition during gestation and lactation on rat molar
tooth composition and dental caries.
J Nutr. 1981 Oct;111(10):1780-3.
PMID: 7288500

828: Bates J, McClain CJ.
The effect of severe zinc deficiency on serum levels of albumin, transferrin,
and prealbumin in man.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Sep;34(9):1655-60.
PMID: 6792896

829: Jakinovich W Jr, Osborn DW.
Zinc nutrition and salt preference in rats.
Am J Physiol. 1981 Sep;241(3):R233-9.
PMID: 7282969

830: Siegler RL, Eggert JV, Udomkesmalee E.
Diagnostic indices of zinc deficiency in children with renal diseases.
Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1981 Sep-Oct;11(5):428-33.
PMID: 7332311

831: Hambidge KM.
Zinc deficiency in man: its origins and effects.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1981 Aug 14;294(1071):129-44.
PMID: 6118891

832: Allen JI, Kay NE, McClain CJ.
Severe zinc deficiency in humans: association with a reversible T-lymphocyte
dysfunction.
Ann Intern Med. 1981 Aug;95(2):154-7.
PMID: 6789737

833: Fitzsimons RB, Soltan MH.
Congenital skin defects and zinc deficiency - a possible relationship.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1981 Aug;12(2):79-84.
PMID: 7198590

834: Herlong HF, Russell RM, Maddrey WC.
Vitamin A and zinc therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Hepatology. 1981 Jul-Aug;1(4):348-51.
PMID: 7286911

835: Arlette JP, Johnston MM.
Zinc deficiency dermatosis in premature infants receiving prolonged parenteral
alimentation.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981 Jul;5(1):37-42.
PMID: 6792246

836: Denko CW, Petricevic M, Whitehouse MW.
Inflammation in relation to dietary intake of zinc and copper.
Int J Tissue React. 1981 Jun;3(2):73-6.
PMID: 7327617

837: Mills BJ, Lindeman RD, Lang CA.
Effect of zinc deficiency on blood glutathione levels.
J Nutr. 1981 Jun;111(6):1098-102.
PMID: 7241230

838: Weber TR, Sears N, Davies B, Grosfeld JL.
Clinical spectrum of zinc deficiency in pediatric patients receiving total
parenteral nutrition (TPN).
J Pediatr Surg. 1981 Jun;16(3):236-40.
PMID: 6788929

839: Cheek DB, Spargo RM, Holt AB.
Evidence for zinc deficiency in aboriginal settlements in Northwestern Australia.
Med J Aust. 1981 May 2;1(2 Suppl):4-5.
PMID: 7254081

840: Robinson LK, Hurley LS.
Effect of maternal zinc deficiency or food restriction on rat fetal pancreas.
I. Procarboxypeptidase A and chymotrypsinogen.
J Nutr. 1981 May;111(5):858-68.
PMID: 7229736

840: Robinson LK, Hurley LS.
Effect of maternal zinc deficiency of food restriction on rat fetal pancreas.
2. Insulin and glucagon.
J Nutr. 1981 May;111(5):869-77.
PMID: 7014796

842: Flynn A, Miller SI, Martier SS, Golden NL, Sokol RJ, Del Villano BC.
Zinc status of pregnant alcoholic women: a determinant of fetal outcome.
Lancet. 1981 Mar 14;1(8220 Pt 1):572-51.
PMID: 6110817

843: Oner G, Bor NM, Onuk E, Oner ZN.
The role of zinc ion in the development of gastric ulcers in rats.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1981 Mar 12;70(2):241-3.
PMID: 7262188

844: Lemasters GK.
Zinc insufficiency during pregnancy. A review.
JOGN Nurs. 1981 Mar-Apr;10(2):124-5.
PMID: 6907502

845: Reeves PG, O'Dell BL.
Short-term zinc deficiency in the rat and self-section of dietary protein
level.
J Nutr. 1981 Feb;111(2):375-83.
PMID: 7463176

846: Kreavich ME, Meyer J, Waterhouse JP.
Increased numbers of mast cells in the hyperplastic buccal mucosa of the
zinc-deficient rat.
J Oral Pathol. 1981 Feb;10(1):22-31.
PMID: 6782206

847: Reid GM.
The pharmacological role of zinc: evidence from clinical studies on animals.
Med Hypotheses. 1981 Feb;7(2):207-15.
PMID: 7219245

848: Weismann K, Hagdrup HK.
Hair changes due to zinc deficiency in a case of sucrose malabsorption.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1981;61(5):444-7.
PMID: 6172938

849: Joseph CE, Ashrafi SH, Waterhouse JP.
Structural changes in rabbit oral epithelium caused by zinc deficiency.
J Nutr. 1981 Jan;111(1):53-7.
PMID: 7452374

850: Prasad AS.
Zinc deficiency and effects of zinc supplementation on sickle cell anemia
subjects.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981;55:99-122.
PMID: 7291206

851: Stern M, Gruttner R, Krumbach J.
Protracted diarrhoea: secondary monosaccharide malabsorption and zinc
deficiency with cutaneous manifestations during total parenteral nutrition.
Eur J Pediatr. 1980 Dec;135(2):175-80.
PMID: 6778699

852: Good RA, West A, Fernandes G.
Nutritional modulation of immune responses.
Fed Proc. 1980 Nov;39(13):3098-104.
PMID: 6968692

853: Starcher BC, Hill CH, Madaras JG.
Effect of zinc deficiency on bone collagenase and collagen turnover.
J Nutr. 1980 Oct;110(10):2095-102.
PMID: 6252304

854: Gordon PR, O'Dell BL.
Rat platelet aggregation impaired by short-term zinc deficiency.
J Nutr. 1980 Oct;110(10):2125-9.
PMID: 6775060

855: Abbasi AA, Prasad AS, Rabbani P, DuMouchelle E.
Experimental zinc deficiency in man. Effect on testicular function.
J Lab Clin Med. 1980 Sep;96(3):544-50.
PMID: 6772723

856: Morley JE, Gordon J, Hershman JM.
Zinc deficiency, chronic starvation, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid
function.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Aug;33(8):1767-70.
PMID: 7405879

857: Greeley S, Fosmire GJ, Sandstead HH.
Nitrogen retention during late gestation in the rat in response to marginal
zinc intake.
Am J Physiol. 1980 Aug;239(2):E113-8.
PMID: 7406040

858: Hsieh HS, Navia JM.
Zinc deficiency and bone formation in guinea pig alveolar implants.
J Nutr. 1980 Aug;110(8):1581-8.
PMID: 7400848

859: McClain CJ, Soutor C, Steele N, Levine AS, Silvis SE.
Severe zinc deficiency presenting with acrodermatitis during hyperalimentation:
diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment.
J Clin Gastroenterol. 1980 Jun;2(2):125-31.
PMID: 6777423

860: Ashrafi SH, Meyer J, Squier CA.
Effects of zinc deficiency on the distribution of membrane-coating granules in rat buccal epithelium.
J Invest Dermatol. 1980 Jun;74(6):425-32.
PMID: 7381233

861: Fang MM, Lei KY, Kilgore LT.
Effects of zinc deficiency on dental caries in rats.
J Nutr. 1980 May;110(5):1032-6.
PMID: 7373428

862: Chandra RK, Au B.
Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune responses. I. Zinc.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Apr;33(4):736-8.
PMID: 6987859

863: Beach RS, Gershwin ME, Makishima RK, Hurley LS.
Impaired immunologic ontogeny in postnatal zinc deprivation.
J Nutr. 1980 Apr;110(4):805-15.
PMID: 6988552

864: Swenerton H, Hurley LS.
Zinc deficiency in rhesus and bonnet monkeys, including effects on
reproduction.
J Nutr. 1980 Mar;110(3):575-83.
PMID: 6767006

865: McClain C, Soutor C, Zieve L.
Zinc deficiency: a complication of Crohn's disease.
Gastroenterology. 1980 Feb;78(2):272-9.
PMID: 7350050

866: Beach RS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS.
Growth and development in postnatally zinc-deprived mice.
J Nutr. 1980 Feb;110(2):201-11.
PMID: 7354391

867: Weismann K, Hoyer H, Christensen E.
Acquired zinc deficiency in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: report of two cases.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;60(5):447-9.
PMID: 6162323

868: Bonifazi E, Rigillo N, De Simone B, Meneghini CL.
Acquired dermatitis due to zinc deficiency in a premature infant.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;60(5):449-51.
PMID: 6162324

869: Sullivan JF, Jetton MM, Hahn HK, Burch RE.
Enhanced lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes of zinc-deficient rats.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Jan;33(1):51-6.
PMID: 7355780

870: Mutch PB, Hurley LS.
Mammary gland function and development: effect of zinc deficiency in rat.
Am J Physiol. 1980 Jan;238(1):E26-31.
PMID: 7356013

871: Lamand M, Lab C, Tressol JC.
Comparison of the efficiency of zinc injected as metal or oxide for zinc
deficiency treatment in sheep.
Ann Rech Vet. 1980;11(2):147-9.
PMID: 7192961

872: Elmes ME, Jones JG.
Ultrastructural studies on Paneth cell apoptosis in zinc deficient rats.
Cell Tissue Res. 1980;208(1):57-63.
PMID: 7388931

873: Elmes ME, Jones JG.
Ultrastructural changes in the small intestine of zinc deficient rats.
J Pathol. 1980 Jan;130(1):37-43.
PMID: 7381626

874: Kiilerich S, Dietrichson O, Loud FB, Naestoft J, Christoffersen P, Juhl E,
Kjems G, Christiansen C.
Zinc depletion in alcoholic liver diseases.
Scand J Gastroenterol. 1980;15(3):363-7.
PMID: 6159675

875: Klevay LM.
Diets deficient in copper and zinc?
Med Hypotheses. 1979 Dec;5(12):1323-6.
PMID: 161345

876: Muller D, Brandt G.
[Organ zinc content in an experimental animal disease model:
dystrophy-dependent changes in the liver and skeletal muscles and effects of a
mineral substitute during the recovery phase]
Z Ernahrungswiss. 1979 Dec;18(4):286-94. German.
PMID: 549275

877: Bierbach H, Groth U, Schuster HP, Holzmann H, Korting GW.
[Zinc deficiency syndrome during long-term parenteral nutrition in a patient
with Crohn's disease and cirrhosis of the liver. Casuistry and
zinc-pharmacokinetic (author's transl)]
Klin Wochenschr. 1979 Nov 15;57(22):1229-36. German.
PMID: 118303

878: Solomons NW.
Trace minerals in paediatric gastroenterology: zinc and copper.
Arq Gastroenterol. 1979 Oct-Dec;16(4):209-16. Review.
PMID: 121692

879: Hesse GW.
Chronic zinc deficiency alters neuronal function of hippocampal mossy fibers.
Science. 1979 Sep 7;205(4410):1005-7.
PMID: 224456

880: Abou-Mourad NN, Farah FS, Steel D.
Dermopathic changes in hypozincemia.
Arch Dermatol. 1979 Aug;115(8):956-8.
PMID: 111624

881: Chen SY.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia in rabbit oral mucosa.
J Oral Pathol. 1979 Aug;8(4):213-23.
PMID: 115979

882: Chadwick DP, May JC, Lorenz D.
Spontaneous zinc deficiency in marmosets, saguinus mystax.
Lab Anim Sci. 1979 Aug;29(4):482-5.
PMID: 117220

883: Pekarek RS, Sandstead HH, Jacob RA, Barcome DF.
Abnormal cellular immune responses during acquired zinc deficiency.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Jul;32(7):1466-71.
PMID: 156494

884: Steger JW, Izuno GT.
Acute zinc depletion syndrome during parenteral hyperalimentation.
Int J Dermatol. 1979 Jul-Aug;18(6):472-9.
PMID: 114498

885: Bakan R.
The role of zinc in anorexia nervosa: etiology and treatment.
Med Hypotheses. 1979 Jul;5(7):731-6.
PMID: 514114

886: Gross RL, Osdin N, Fong L, Newberne PM.
I. Depressed immunological function in zinc-deprived rats as measured by
mitogen response of spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Jun;32(6):1260-6.
PMID: 312599

887: Catalanotto FA.
Alterations of short-term tastant-containing fluid intake in zinc deficient
adult rats.
J Nutr. 1979 Jun;109(6):1079-85.
PMID: 448447

888: Root AW, Duckett G, Sweetland M, Reiter EO.
Effects of zinc deficiency upon pituitary function in sexually mature and
immature male rats.
J Nutr. 1979 Jun;109(6):958-64.
PMID: 376793

889: Jackson AJ, Schumacher HJ.
The teratogenic activity of a thalidomide analogus EM12 in rats on a low-zinc
diet.
Teratology. 1979 Jun;19(3):341-4.
PMID: 473085

890: Brazin SA, Johnson WT, Abramson LJ.
The acrodermatitis enteropathica-like syndrome.
Arch Dermatol. 1979 May;115(5):597-9.
PMID: 109049

891: Prasad AS, Fernandez-Madrid F, Ryan JR.
Deoxythymidine kinase activity of human implanted sponge connective tissue in
zinc deficiency.
Am J Physiol. 1979 Mar;236(3):E272-5.
PMID: 426058

892: Ercan ZS, Oner G, Turker RK, Bor N.
Zinc deficiency and lung converting enzyme activity in rats.
Experientia. 1979 Feb 15;35(2):215-6.
PMID: 217721

893: Jacobs FA, Winter TW, Sandstead HH.
Mesenteric lymph proteins in zinc-deficient rats.
Am J Physiol. 1979 Feb;236(2):E180-5.
PMID: 420288

894: Chaudhry IM, Meyer J.
Response of submandibular gland of the rat to nutritional zinc deficiency.
J Nutr. 1979 Feb;109(2):316-20.
PMID: 430233

895: Esca SA, Brenner W, Mach K, Gschnait F.
Kwashiorkor-like zinc deficiency syndrome in anorexia nervosa.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1979;59(4):361-4.
PMID: 92154

896: Mathur A, Wallenius K, Abdulla M.
Influence of zinc on onset and progression of oral carcinogenesis in rats.
Acta Odontol Scand. 1979;37(5):277-84.
PMID: 118633

897: Karayalcin G, Lanzkowsky P, Kazi AB.
Zinc deficiency in children with sickle cell disease.
Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1979 Fall;1(3):283-4.
PMID: 543518

898: Hoitsma HF, Cuesta MA, Starink TM, Uttendorfsky-van der Putten HJ, van der
Veen EA.
Zinc deficiency syndrome versus glucagonoma syndrome.
Arch Chir Neerl. 1979;31(3):131-40.
PMID: 534435

899: Weismann K.
Intravenous zinc sulfate therapy in zinc-depleted patients.
Dermatologica. 1979;159(2):171-5.
PMID: 478053

900: Abbasi AA, Prasad AS, Rabbani PR.
Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on spermatogenesis.
Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1979;92:292-302.
PMID: 549254

901: Gordon W, White PJ.
Zinc deficiency in total parenteral nutrition.
S Afr Med J. 1978 Nov 11;54(20):824-4.
PMID: 105410

902: Atkin-Thor E, Goddard BW, O'Nion J, Stephen RL, Kolff WJ.
Hypogeusia and zinc depletion in chronic dialysis patients.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Oct;31(10):1948-51.
PMID: 707353

903: Prasad AS, Rabbani P, Abbasii A, Bowersox E, Fox MR.
Experimental zinc deficiency in humans.
Ann Intern Med. 1978 Oct;89(4):483-90.
PMID: 697227

904: Weismann K, Wadskov S, Mikkelsen HI, Knudsen L, Christensen KC, Storgaard L.
Acquired zinc deficiency dermatosis in man.
Arch Dermatol. 1978 Oct;114(10):1509-11.
PMID: 718188

905: Strobel CT, Byrne WJ, Abramovits W, Newcomer VJ, Bleich R, Ament ME.
A zinc-deficiency dermatitis in patients on total parenteral nutrition.
Int J Dermatol. 1978 Sep;17(7):575-81.
PMID: 99376

906: Rabbani P, Prasad AS.
Plasma ammonia and liver ornithine transcarbamoylase activity in zinc-deficient
rats.
Am J Physiol. 1978 Aug;235(2):E203-6.
PMID: 686166

907: Belanger LF.
The influence of zinc-deprivation on the mast cell population of the bone
marrow and other tissues.
J Nutr. 1978 Aug;108(8):1315-21.
PMID: 671099

908: Fong LY, Sivak A, Newberne PM.
Zinc deficiency and methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1978 Jul;61(1):145-50.
PMID: 276623

909: Ecker RI, Schroeter AL.
Acrodermatitis and acquired zinc deficiency.
Arch Dermatol. 1978 Jun;114(6):937-9.
PMID: 666332

910: Hirsch KS, Hurley LS.
Relationship of dietary zinc to 6-mercaptopurine teratogenesis and DNA
metabolism in the rat.
Teratology. 1978 Jun;17(3):303-13.
PMID: 675550

911: Sandstead HH, Strobel DA, Logan GM Jr, Marks EO, Jacob RA.
Zinc deficiency in pregnant rhesus monkeys: effects on behavior of infants.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 May;31(5):844-9.
PMID: 417617

912: Chesters JK, Will M.
Effect of age, weight and adequacy of zinc intake on the balance between
alkaline ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor in various tissues of the rat.
Br J Nutr. 1978 Mar;39(2):375-82.
PMID: 415757

913: Morrison SA, Russell RM, Carney EA, Oaks EV.
Zinc deficiency: a cause of abnormal dark adaptation in cirrhotics.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Feb;31(2):276-81.
PMID: 623051

914: Suita S, Ikeda K, Nagasaki A, Hayashida Y.
Zinc deficiency during total parenteral nutrition in childhood.
J Pediatr Surg. 1978 Feb;13(1):5-9. French.
PMID: 416197

915: van Vloten WA, Bos LP.
Skin lesions in acquired zinc deficiency due to parenteral nutrition.
Dermatologica. 1978;156(3):175-83.
PMID: 414940

916: Fong LY, Newberne PM.
Nitrosobenzylmethylamine, zinc deficiency and oesophageal cancer.
IARC Sci Publ. 1978;(19):503-13.
PMID: 680742

917: Hess FM, King JC, Margen S.
Effect of low zinc intake and oral contraceptive agents on nitrogen utilization
and clinical findings in young women.
J Nutr. 1977 Dec;107(12):2219-27.
PMID: 925768

918: Elmes ME.
Apoptosis in the small intestine of zinc-deficient and fasted rats.
J Pathol. 1977 Dec;123(4):219-23.
PMID: 592026

919: Weismann K, Wanscher B, Knudsen L.
[Diagnosis and therapy of the zinc deficiency syndrome during total parenteral
feeding. Review with report of a case]
Hautarzt. 1977 Nov;28(11):578-82. German.
PMID: 413809

920: Halas ES, Reynolds GM, Sandstead HH.
Intra-uterine nutrition and its effects on aggression.
Physiol Behav. 1977 Nov;19(5):653-61.
PMID: 564524

921: Fosmire GJ, Greeley S, Sandstead HH.
Maternal and fetal response to various suboptimal levels of zinc intake during
gestation in the rat.
J Nutr. 1977 Aug;107(8):1543-50.
PMID: 886394

922: Alberts JC, Lang JA, Reyes PS, Briggs GM.
Zinc requirement of the young guinea pig.
J Nutr. 1977 Aug;107(8):1517-27.
PMID: 560431

923: O'Dell BL, Reynolds G, Reeves PG.
Analogous effects of zinc deficiency and aspirin toxicity in the pregnant rat.
J Nutr. 1977 Jul;107(7):1222-8.
PMID: 874566

924: Wexler D, Pace W.
Acquired zinc deficiency disease of skin.
Br J Dermatol. 1977 Jun;96(6):669-72.
PMID: 405984

925: Belanger LF, Casas-Cordero M, Urist MR.
The effects of zinc deprivation on the host response to intramuscular bone
matrix implants in the rat.
Clin Orthop. 1977 Jun;(125):208-13.
PMID: 880769

926: Eckhert CD, Hurley LS.
Reduced DNA synthesis in zinc deficiency: regional differences in embryonic rats.
J Nutr. 1977 May;107(5):855-61.
PMID: 870652

927: Vojnik C, Hurley LS.
Abnormal prenatal lung development resulting from maternal zinc deficiency in
rats.
J Nutr. 1977 May;107(5):862-72.
PMID: 870653

928: Gerson SJ, Meyer J.
Increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in buccal epithelium of zinc-deficient rats.
J Nutr. 1977 May;107(5):724-9.
PMID: 859040

929: Koo SI, Turk DE.
Effect of zinc deficiency on the ultrastructure of the pancreatic acinar cell
and intestinal epithelium in the rat.
J Nutr. 1977 May;107(5):896-908.
PMID: 192861

930: Koo SI, Turk DE.
Effect of zinc deficiency on intestinal transport triglyceride in the rat.
J Nutr. 1977 May;107(5):909-19.
PMID: 192862

931: Catalanotto FA, Lacy P.
Effects of a zinc deficient diet upon fluid intake in the rat.
J Nutr. 1977 Mar;107(3):436-42.
PMID: 845680

932: Pories WJ, DeWys WD, Flynn A, Mansour EG, Strain WH.
Implications of the inhibition of animal tumors by dietary zinc deficiency.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1977;91:243-57.
PMID: 605851

933: Dinsdale D, Williams RB.
The enhancement by dietary zinc deficiency of the susceptibility of the rat
duodenum to colchicine.
Br J Nutr. 1977 Jan;37(1):135-42.
PMID: 191056

934: Solomons NW, Rosenberg IH, Sandstead HH, Vo-Khactu KP.
Zinc deficiency in Crohn's disease.
Digestion. 1977;16(1-2):87-95.
PMID: 615740

935: Roth HP, Kirchgessner M.
[Influence of zinc deficiency on lipid metabolism]
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1977;47(3):275-83. German.
PMID: 914463

936: Weismann K, Roed-Petersen J, Hjorth N, Kopp H.
Chronic zinc deficiency syndrome in a beer drinker with a Billroth II
resection.
Int J Dermatol. 1976 Dec;15:757-61.
PMID: 992926

937: Wight PA, Dewar WA.
The histopathology of zinc deficiency in ducks.
J Pathol. 1976 Nov;120(3):183-91.
PMID: 1003269

938: Solomons NW, Rosenfield RL, Jacob RA, Sandstead HH.
Growth retardation and zinc nutrition.
Pediatr Res. 1976 Nov;10(11):923-7.
PMID: 980552

939: Okada A, Takagi Y, Itakura T, Satani M, Manabe H.
Skin lesions during intravenous hyperalimentation: zinc deficiency.
Surgery. 1976 Nov;80(5):629-35.
PMID: 824754

940: Fosmire GJ, Fosmire MA, Sanstead HH.
Zinc deficiency in the weanling rat: effects on liver composition and polysomal
profiles.
J Nutr. 1976 Aug;106(8):1152-8.
PMID: 939995

941: Aleksandrowicz J, Astaldi G, Bodzon A, Lisiewicz J, Mysliwiec D, Sasiadek
U, Strycharska M, Walewska-Czyzewska M.
Trace elements and immunologic defects. Zinc deficiency and activity of
lysosomal acid phosphatase in lymphocyte of mice.
Boll Ist Sieroter Milan. 1976 Jul 31;55(3):195-200.
PMID: 1016573

942: Bremner I, Davies NT.
Studies on the appearance of a hepatic copper-binding protein in normal and
zinc-deficient rats.
Br J Nutr. 1976 Jul;36(1):101-12.
PMID: 949465

943: Lei KY, Abbasi A, Prasad AS.
Function of pituitary-gonadal axis in zinc-deficient rats.
Am J Physiol. 1976 Jun;230(6):1730-2.
PMID: 779495

944: Tucker SB, Schroeter AL, Brown PW Jr, McCall JT.
Acquired zinc deficiency. Cutaneous manifestations typical of acrodermatitis
enteropathica.
JAMA. 1976 May 31;235(22):2399-402.
PMID: 817037

945: Prasad AS, Ortega J, Brewer GJ, Oberleas D, Schoomaker EB.
Trace elements in sickle cell disease.
JAMA. 1976 May 31;235(22):2396-8.
PMID: 946645

946: Kay RG, Tasman-Jones C, Pybus J, Whiting R, Black H.
A syndrome of acute zinc deficiency during total parenteral alimentation in man.
Ann Surg. 1976 Apr;183(4):331-40.
PMID: 817677

947: Smith JC Jr, Brown ED, McDaniel EG, Chan W.
Alterations in vitamin A metabolism during zinc deficiency and food and growth
restriction.
J Nutr. 1976 Apr;106(4):569-74.
PMID: 130472

948: Arakawa T, Tamura T, Igarashi Y, Suzuki H, Sandstead HH.
Zinc deficiency in two infants during total parenteral alimentation for
diarrhea.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1976 Feb;29(2):197-204.
PMID: 814805

949: Weismann K, Flagstad T.
Hereditary zinc deficiency (Adema disease) in cattle, an animal parallel to
acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1976;56(2):151-4.
PMID: 58525

950: Jameson S.
Refractory anaemia of pregnancy as an expression of zinc deficiency.
Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1976;593:65-76.
PMID: 1067750

951: Jameson S, Ursing I.
Low serum zinc concentrations in pregnancy, results of investigations and
treatment.
Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1976;593:50-64.
PMID: 1067749

952: Jameson S.
Zinc deficiency in malabsorption states: a cause of infertility?
Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1976;593:38-49.
PMID: 1067747

953: Hallmans G.
Wound healing with adhesive zinc tape. An animal experimental study.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;10(3):177-84.
PMID: 1053446

954: Harland BF, Spivey Fox MR, Fry BE Jr.
Protection against zinc deficiency by prior excess dietary zinc in young
Japanese quail.
J Nutr. 1975 Dec;105(12):1509-18.
PMID: 1195013

955: Apgar J.
Effects of some nutritional deficiencies on parturition in rats.
J Nutr. 1975 Dec;105(12):1553-61.
PMID: 1195016

956: Bell LT, Branstrator M, Roux C, Hurley LS.
Chromosomal abnormalities in maternal and fetal tissues of magnesium- or
zinc-deficient rats.
Teratology. 1975 Dec;12(3):221-6.
PMID: 1198329

957: Kay RG, Tasman-Jones C.
Acute zinc deficency in man during intravenous alimentation.
Aust N Z J Surg. 1975 Nov;45(4):325-30.
PMID: 813623

958: Im MJ, Hsu JM, Hoopes JE.
Enzyme activities in the epidermis of zinc-deficient rats.
J Nutr. 1975 Nov;105(11):1391-4.
PMID: 172616

959: Huber AM, Gershoff SN.
Effects of zinc deficiency on the oxidation of retinol and ethanol in rats.
J Nutr. 1975 Nov;105(11):1486-90.
PMID: 1195012

960: McKenzie JM, Fosmire GJ, Sandstead HH.
Zinc deficiency during the latter third of pregnancy: effects on fetal rat
brain, liver, and placenta.
J Nutr. 1975 Nov;105(11):1466-75.
PMID: 1195011

961: Roth HP, Schneider U, Kirchgessner M.
[Effect of zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance]
Arch Tierernahr. 1975 Oct;25(8):545-9. German.
PMID: 1233959

962: Ronaghy HA, Halsted JA.
Zinc deficiency occurring in females. Report of two cases.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1975 Aug;28(8):831-6.
PMID: 1146741

963: Kirchgessner M, Schwarz WA, Roth HP.
[Activity of the alkaline phosphatase in the serum and bones of zinc-deficient
and zinc-replenished cows]
Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 1975 Aug;36(4):191-200. German.
PMID: 1227169

964: Prasad AS, Schoomaker EB, Ortega J, Brewer GJ, Oberleas D, Oelshlegel FJ Jr.
Zinc deficiency in sickle cell disease.
Clin Chem. 1975 Apr;21(4):582-7.
PMID: 1116294

965: Burch RE, Williams RV, Hahn HK, Jetton MM, Sullivan JF.
Serum and tissue enzyme activity and trace-element content in response to zinc
deficiency in the pig.
Clin Chem. 1975 Apr;21(4):568-77.
PMID: 1116292

966: Hsu JM, Anthony WL.
Effect of zinc deficiency and repletion on thymidine metabolism.
Clin Chem. 1975 Apr;21(4):544-50.
PMID: 1116288

967: Sunderman FW Jr.
Current status of zinc deficiency in the pathogenesis of neurological,
dermatological and musculoskeletal disorders.
Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1975 Mar-Apr;5(2):132-45. Review.
PMID: 1092248

968: Fosmire GJ, al-Ubaidi YY, Sandstead HH.
Some effects of postnatal zinc deficiency on developing rat brain.
Pediatr Res. 1975 Feb;9(2):89-93.
PMID: 1118196

969: Halas ES, Sandstead HH.
Some effects of prenatal zinc deficiency on behavior of the adult rat.
Pediatr Res. 1975 Feb;9(2):94-7.
PMID: 1118197

970: Kirchgessner M, Stadler AE, Roth HP.
Carbonic anhydrase activity and erythrocyte count in the blood of
zinc-deficient rats.
Bioinorg Chem. 1975;5(1):33-8.
PMID: 810178

971: Sandstead HH, Fosmire GJ, McKenzie JM, Halas ES.
Zinc deficiency and brain development in the rat.
Fed Proc. 1975 Jan;34(1):86-8.
PMID: 1109359

972: Roth HP, Kirchgessner M.
[Serum and plasma insulin levels in zinc-deficient rats following glucose
stimulation]
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1975;45(2):201-8. German.
PMID: 1165165

973: Hotz C, Peerson JM, Brown KH.
Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status:
reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
(1976-1980).
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):756-64.
PMID: 14522734 [PubMed - in process]

974: Hunt JR.
Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3 Suppl):633S-639S. Review.
PMID: 12936958

975: Patel AB, Dhande LA, Rawat MS.
Economic evaluation of zinc and copper use in treating acute diarrhea in
children: A randomized controlled trial.
Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2003 Aug 29;1(1):7.
PMID: 14498987 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

976: Sibbald RG, Campbell K, Coutts P, Queen D.
Intact skin--an integrity not to be lost.
Ostomy Wound Manage. 2003 Jun;49(6):27-8, 30, 33 passim, contd. Review.
PMID: 12874482

977: Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A.
Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone
successfully treats anemia in infants and young children.
J Nutr. 2003 Apr;133(4):1075-80.
PMID: 12672922

978: Albert MJ, Qadri F, Wahed MA, Ahmed T, Rahman AS, Ahmed F, Bhuiyan NA, Zaman
K, Baqui AH, Clemens JD, Black RE.
Supplementation with zinc, but not vitamin A, improves seroconversion to
vibriocidal antibody in children given an oral cholera vaccine.
J Infect Dis. 2003 Mar 15;187(6):909-13. Epub 2003 Mar 06.
PMID: 12660937

979: Al-Sonboli N, Gurgel RQ, Shenkin A, Hart CA, Cuevas LE.
Zinc supplementation in Brazilian children with acute diarrhoea.
Ann Trop Paediatr. 2003 Mar;23(1):3-8.
PMID: 12648318

980: Camara F, Amaro MA.
Nutritional aspect of zinc availability.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003 Mar;54(2):143-51. Review.
PMID: 12701371

981: Osendarp SJ, West CE, Black RE; Maternal Zinc Supplementation Study Group.
The need for maternal zinc supplementation in developing countries: an
unresolved issue.
J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):817S-827S. Review.
PMID: 12612160

982: Noh SK, Koo SI.
Low zinc intake decreases the lymphatic output of retinol in rats infused
intraduodenally with beta-carotene.
J Nutr Biochem. 2003 Mar;14(3):147-53.
PMID: 12742542

983: Chang CW, Chu G, Hinz BJ, Greve MD.
Current use of dietary supplementation in patients with age-related macular
degeneration.
Can J Ophthalmol. 2003 Feb;38(1):27-32.
PMID: 12608514

984: Carey LC, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM.
Zinc supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure ameliorates teratogenicity
in mice.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Jan;27(1):107-10.
PMID: 12544014

985: Arda HN, Tuncel U, Akdogan O, Ozluoglu LN.
The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus.
Otol Neurotol. 2003 Jan;24(1):86-9.
PMID: 12544035

986: Osendarp SJ, Santosham M, Black RE, Wahed MA, van Raaij JM, Fuchs GJ.
Effect of zinc supplementation between 1 and 6 mo of life on growth and
morbidity of Bangladeshi infants in urban slums.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1401-8.
PMID: 12450909

987: Cho YH, Lee SJ, Lee JY, Kim SW, Kim JJ, Lee WY, Yoon MS.
Changes in serum and prostatic zinc concentrations in rats after intraprostatic
injection of zinc: Comparison of two forms of zinc delivery.
Int J Urol. 2002 Dec;9(12):681-7.
PMID: 12492952

988: Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Chakraborty J, Ahmed S, Vaughan
JP.
Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and
mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomised trial.
BMJ. 2002 Nov 9;325(7372):1059.
PMID: 12424162

989: Sturniolo GC, Fries W, Mazzon E, Di Leo V, Barollo M, D'inca R.
Effect of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in experimental
colitis.
J Lab Clin Med. 2002 May;139(5):311-5.
PMID: 12032492

990: Hunt JR.
Moving toward a plant-based diet: are iron and zinc at risk?
Nutr Rev. 2002 May;60(5 Pt 1):127-34. Review.
PMID: 12030275

991: Fontaine O.
Effect of zinc supplementation on clinical course of acute diarrhoea.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2001 Dec;19(4):339-46.
PMID: 11855358

992: Castillo-Duran C, Uauy R.
Zinc supplementation saves the lives of children living in poverty.
Pediatrics. 2001 Dec;108(6):1366. No abstract available.
PMID: 11731661

993: Sazawal S, Black RE, Menon VP, Dinghra P, Caulfield LE, Dhingra U, Bagati A.
Zinc supplementation in infants born small for gestational age reduces
mortality: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
Pediatrics. 2001 Dec;108(6):1280-6.
PMID: 11731649

994: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.
A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation
with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular
degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8.
Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct;119(10):1417-36.
PMID: 11594942

995: Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Kerkeni A.
Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people
with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Jun;20(3):212-8.
PMID: 11444416

996: Federico A, Iodice P, Federico P, Del Rio A, Mellone MC, Catalano G,
Federico P.
Effects of selenium and zinc supplementation on nutritional status in patients
with cancer of digestive tract.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 Apr;55(4):293-7.
PMID: 11360134

997: Castillo-Duran C, Perales CG, Hertrampf ED, Marin VB, Rivera FA, Icaza G.
Effect of zinc supplementation on development and growth of Chilean infants.
J Pediatr. 2001 Feb;138(2):229-35.
PMID: 11174621

998: Goel A, Dhawan DK.
Zinc supplementation prevents liver injury in chlorpyrifos-treated rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Summer;82(1-3):185-200.
PMID: 11697766

999: Beneton N, Wolkenstein P, Bagot M, Cosnes A, Wechsler J, Roujeau JC, Revuz J.
Amicrobial pustulosis associated with autoimmune diseases: healing with zinc
supplementation.
Br J Dermatol. 2000 Dec;143(6):1306-10. Review.
PMID: 11122040

1000: Briefel RR, Bialostosky K, Kennedy-Stephenson J, McDowell MA, Ervin RB,
Wright JD.
Zinc intake of the U.S. population: findings from the third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1367S-73S.
PMID: 10801945

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