Life Extension

Raynaud's Syndrome

References

Adee AC. Managing Raynaud's phenomenon: a practical approach. Am Family Physician. 1993;47(4):823-9.

AF. Scleroderma. 2004. Atlanta, Ga: Arthritis Foundation. Available at: http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/scleroderma.asp. Accessed May 25, 2005.

AS. Raynaud’s phenomenon. March 29, 2005. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Arthritis Society. Available at:

http://www.arthritis.ca/types%20of%20arthritis/raynauds%20phenomenon/default.asp?s=1. Accessed May 25, 2005.

Awami M, Schillinger M, et al. Low level laser therapy for treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Vasa. 2004a Feb;33(1):25-9.

Awami M, Schillinger M, et al. Vasospasm of the scrotum: a manifestation of Raynaud’s phenomenon? Vasa. 2004b May;33(2):87-8.

Belch JJ, Shaw B, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind study. Thromb Haemost. 1985 Aug 30;54(2):490-4.

Bornmyr S, Castenfors J, et al. Effect of local cold provocation on systolic blood pressure and skin blood flow in the finger. Clin Physiol. 2001 Sep;21(5):570.

Browne BJ, Jotte RS, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon in the emergency department. J Emer Med. 1995;13(3):369-78.

Cleveland Clinic. Raynaud's phenomenon. 2005. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Available at: http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/vascular/raynauds.htm. Accessed May 26, 2005.

DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, et al. Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study. Am J Med. 1989 Feb;86(2):158-64.

Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B, Zalewska A, et al. Duration of Raynaud’s phenomenon is negatively correlated with serum levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10), soluble receptor of interleukin 2 (sIL2R), and sFas in systemic sclerosis patients. Med Sci Monit. 2004 May;10(5):CR202-8.

Flatt AE. Digital artery sympathectomy. J Hand Surg. 1980 Nov;5(6):550-6.

Freedman RR. Quantitative measurements of finger blood flow during behavioral treatments for Raynaud's disease. Psychophysiology. 1989 Jul;26(4):437-41.

Freedman RR, Baer RP, et al. Blockage of vasospastic attacks by alpha 2-adrenergic but not alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists in idiopathic Raynaud’s disease. Circulation. 1995 Sept 15;92(6):1448-51.

Freedman RR, Sabharwal SC, et al. Nonneural beta-adrenergic vasodilating mechanism in temperature biofeedback. Psychosom Med. 1988 Jul-Aug;50(4): 394-401.

Furspan PB, Chatterjee S. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling-induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaud’s disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1578-85.

Generini S, Seibold JR, et al. Estrogens and neuropeptides in Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Feb;31(1):177-86, x-xi.

Gocke N, Keaney JF Jr, et al. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1999 Jun 29;99(25):3234-40.

Golf SW, Bender S, et al. On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998 Sep;12(2):197-202.

Grassi W, De Angelis R, et al. Clinical diagnosis found in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a multicentre study. Rheumatol Int. 1998;18(1):17-20.

Herrick AL, Rieley F, et al. Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1994 Aug;21(8):1477-83.

Hirschl M, Katzenschlager R, et al. Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon: results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study. J Rheumatol. 2004 Dec;31(12):2408-12.

Ho M, Belch JJF. Raynaud's phenomenon: state of the art 1998. Scand J Rheumatol. 1998;27(5):319-22.

Holti G. An experimentally controlled evaluation of the effect of inositol nicotinate upon the digital blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. J Int Med Res. 1979;7(6):473-83.

ISN. Raynaud’s. 2005. Edina, Minn: International Scleroderma Network. Available at: http://www.sclero.org/medical/symptoms/raynauds/a-to-z.html. Accessed May 25, 2005.

Keefe FJ, Surwit RS, et al. Biofeedback, autogenic training, and progressive relaxation in the treatment of Raynaud's disease: a comparative study. J Appl Behav Anal. 1980 Spring;13(1):3-11.

Lavery JP, Lisse JR. Raynaud's phenomenon. In: Taylor RB, ed. Difficult Diagnosis. Vol 2. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1992:386-91.

Leppert J, Aberg H, et al. The concentration of magnesium in erythrocytes in female patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon: fluctuation with the time of year. Angiology. 1994 Apr;45(4):283-8.

Matoba T, Kusumoto H, et al. Comparative double blind trial of dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate on vibration disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1977 Sep;123(1):67-75.

Merck Manual. Raynaud's disease and phenomenon: peripheral vascular disorders. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 2005. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section16/chapter212/212d.jsp. Accessed May 25, 2005.

Muir AH, Robb R, et al. The use of ginkgo biloba in Raynaud’s disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Vasc Med. 2002;7(4):265-7.

Murphy R. The effect of inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a placebo-controlled study. Clin Trials J. 1985;22(6):521-9.

Nakamura H, Matsuzaki I, et al. Blood endothelin-1 and cold-induced vasodilation in patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and workers with vibration-induced white finger. Int Angiol. 2003 Sep;22(3):243-9.

NIAMS. Questions and answers about Raynaud’s phenomenon. NIH publication 01-4911. May 2001. Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculosketal Skin Diseases. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/raynaud/ar125fs.htm. Accessed May 25, 2005.

Pistorius MA, Planchon B. Diagnostic importance of digital topographic assessment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a prospective study of a population of 522 patients [in French]. J Mal Vasc. 1995;20(1):14-20.

Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, et al. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2003a Jul;48(7):1992-2000.

Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, et al. Effects of cilostazol in patients with Raynaud’s syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003b Dec 1;92(11):1310-5.

Rembold C, Ayers C. Oral L-arginine can reverse digital necrosis in Raynaud’s phenomenon. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb;244(1-2):139-41.

Ring EF, Bacon PA. Quantitative thermographic assessment of inositol nicotinate therapy in Raynaud's phenomena. J Int Med Res. 1977;5(4):217-22.

Salsano F, Litizia C, et al. Significant changes of peripheral perfusion and plasma adrenomedullin levels in N-acetylcysteine long term treatment of patients with sclerodermic Raynauds phenomenon. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005 Oct-Dec;18(4):761-70.

Sambo P, Amico D, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a pilot study. J Rheumatol. 2001 Oct;28(10):2257-62.

Sappington JT, Fiorito EM. Thermal feedback in Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term remission of target symptoms. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1985 Dec;10(4):335-41.

Schlez A, Hafner HM, et al. Systemic scleroderma patients have improved skin perfusion after the transdermal application of PGE1 ethyl ester. Vasa. 2003 May;32(2):83-6.

Shagan BP, Friedman SA. Raynaud's phenomenon in hypothyroidism. Angiology. 1976 Jan;27(1):19-25.

Shils ME. Magnesium. In: Shils M, Olson JA, et al, eds. Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:169-92.

Simonini G, Pignone A, et al. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Toxicology. 2000 Nov 30;155(1-3):1-15.

Thompson AE, Shea B, et al. Calcium-channel blockers for Raynaud's phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1841-7.

Traber MG. Vitamin E. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, et al, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins, 1999:347-62.

Yale. Raynaud's disease. September 1, 2004. Yale New Haven Health/Healthnotes. Available at: http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/library/healthguide/en-us/Cam/topic.asp?hwid=hn-1254008. Accessed May 27, 2005.

Ziegler S, Brunner M, et al. Long-term outcome of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and its conversion to connective tissue disease: a 12-year retrospective analysis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2003;32(6):343-7.

All Contents Copyright © 1995-2009 Life Extension Foundation All rights reserved.

Life Extension

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. You should not stop taking any medication without first consulting your physician.