Thyroid Regulation
References
Althaus B, Staub JJ, et al. LDL/HDL-changes in subclinical hypothyroidism: Possible risk factors for coronary heart disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1988 Feb;28(2):157–63.
Arnow WS. The heart and thyroid disease. Clin Geriatr Med. 1995;11:219–29.
Arthur JR, Beckett GJ. Thyroid function. Br Med Bull. 1999;55(3):658–68.
Bell DS, Ovalle F. Use of soy protein supplement and resultant need for increased dose of levothyroxine. Endocr Pract. 2001;7:193–4.
Bellisola G, Bratter P, et al. The TSH-dependent variation of the essential elements iodine, selenium and zinc within human thyroid tissues. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1998 Nov;12(3):177–82.
Bunevicius R, Kazanavicius G, et al. Effects of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):424–9.
Danzi S, Klein I. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004 Sep;29(3):139–50.
Dayan CM, Saravanan P, et al. Whose normal thyroid function is better—yours or mine? Lancet. 2002 Aug 3;360(9330):353.
Delange F. Risks and benefits of iodine supplementation. Lancet. 1998 Mar 28;351(9107):923–4.
Deshpande UR, Joseph LJ, et al. Effect of antioxidants (vitamin C, E and turmeric extract) on methimazole induced hypothyroidism in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 Jun;40(6):735–8.
Duntas LH. Thyroid disease and lipids. Thyroid. 2002 Apr;12(4):287–93.
Escobar-Morreale HF, Obregon MJ, et al. Replacement therapy for hypothyroidism with thyroxine alone does not ensure euthyroidism in all tissues as studied in thyroidectomized rats. J Clin Invest. 1995 Dec;96(6):2828–38.
Fowler PB, McIvor J, et al. The effect of long-term thyroxine on bone mineral density and serum cholesterol. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1996 Nov-Dec;30(6):527–32.
Gaby AR. “Sub-laboratory” hypothyroidism and the empirical use of Armour thyroid. Alt Med Rev. 2004 Jun;9(2):157–79.
Gartner R, Gasnier BC, et al. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1687–91.
Hak AE, Pols HA, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Feb 15;132(4):270–8.
Hennessey JV, Evaul JE, et al. L-thyroxine dosage: A reevaluation of therapy with contemporary preparations. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Jul;105(1):11–5.
Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;87(2):489–99.
Jabbar MA, Larrea J, et al. Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: The influence of soy-based formula. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Jun;16(3):280–2.
Jordan RM. Myxedema coma: Pathophysiology, therapy, and factors affecting prognosis. Med Clin North Am. 1995 Jan;79(1):185–94.
Joshi JV, Bhandarkar SD, et al. Menstrual irregularities and lactation failure may precede thyroid dysfunction or goitre. J Postgrad Med. 1993;39:137–41.
Kohrle J. The trace element selenium and the thyroid gland. Biochimie. 1999 May;81(5):527–33.
Kralik A, Eder K, et al. Influence of zinc and selenium deficiency on parameters relating to thyroid hormone metabolism. Horm Metab Res. 1996 May;28(5):223–6.
Kvetny J, Heldgaard PE, et al. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is associated with a low-grade inflammation, increased triglyceride levels and predicts cardiovascular disease in males below 50 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Aug;61(2):232–8.
Lorini R, Gastaldi R, et al. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2003 Dec;1 Suppl 2:205–11; discussion 211.
Nishiyama S, Futagoishi-Suginohara Y, et al. Zinc supplementation alters thyroid hormone metabolism in disabled patients with zinc deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Feb;13(1):62–7.
O’Brien T, Dinneen SF, et al. Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993 Sep;68(9):860–6.
Oner J, Kukner A, et al. Effect of vitamin E on follicular cell proliferation and expression of apoptosis-associated factors in rats with 6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil-induced goitrogenesis. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2003;41(4):213–7.
Perk M, O’Neill BJ. The effect of thyroid hormone therapy on angiographic coronary artery disease progression. Can J Cardiol. 1997 Mar;13(3):273–6.
Pollock MA, Sturrock A, et al. Thyroxine treatment in patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism but thyroid function tests within the reference range: Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial. BMJ. 2001;323:891–5.
Remer T, Neubert A, et al. Increased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutrition. Br J Nutr. 1999 Jan;81(1):45–9.
Romaldini JH, Sgarbi JA, et al. [Subclinical thyroid disease: Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2004 Feb;48(1):147–58.
Ruz M, Codoceo J, et al. Single and multiple selenium-zinc-iodine deficiencies affect rat thyroid metabolism and ultrastructure. J Nutr. 1999 Jan;129(1):174–80.
Saddock BJ, Saddock V. Psychological factors affecting medical conditions. In: Stoudoemire A, McDaniel JS, eds. Kaplan and Saddocks Comprehenive Textbook of Psychiatry. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams and Willens; 2000:(vol 2)1765–888.
Saito I, Ito K, et al. Hypothyroidism as a cause of hypertension. Hypertension. 1983 Jan-Feb;5(1):112–5.
Sarandol E, Tas S, et al. Oxidative stress and serum paraoxonase activity in experimental hypothyroidism: Effect of vitamin E supplementation. Cell Biochem Funct. 2005 Jan-Feb;23(1):1–8.
Sawaka AM, Gerstein HC, et al. Does a combination regimen of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine improve depressive symptoms better than T4 alone in patients with hypothyroidism? Results of a double-blind randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4551–5.
Smallridge RC. Metabolic and anatomic thyroid emergencies: A review. Crit Care Med. 1992 Feb;20(2):276–91.
Stewart JC, Vidor GI. Thyrotoxicosis induced by iodine contamination of food: A common unrecognized condition? Br Med J. 1976 Feb 14;1(6006):372–5.
Surks MI, Chopra IJ, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for use of laboratory tests in thyroid disorders. JAMA. 1990 Mar 16;263(11):1529–32.
Tagawa N, Tamanaka J, et al. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and pregnenolone sulfate concentrations in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Clin Chem. 2000;46:523–8.
Walsh JP, Shiels L, et al. Combined thyroxine/liothyronine treatment does not improve well-being, quality of life, or cognitive function compared to thyroxine alone: A randomized controlled trial in patients with primary hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4543–50.
Walsh JP, Stuckey BG. What is the optimal treatment for hypothyroidism? Med J Aust. 2001;174:41–3.
Westphal SA. Unusual presentations of hypothyroidism. Am J Med Sci. 1997 Nov;314(5):333–7.
Wortsman J, Rosner W, et al. Abnormal testicular function in men with primary hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 1987 Feb;82(2):207–12.
Zimmerman MB, Kohrle J. The impact of iron and selenium deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: Biochemistry and relevance to public health. Thyroid. 2002 Oct;12(10):867–78.