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Study of antimicrobial activity of chamomile oil.
Aggag, M.E., Yousef, RT.
Planta Med. 1972 Sep; 22(2): 140-4.
No abstract available.
The relationship of sanguinaria extract concentration and zinc ion to plaque and gingivitis.
ANON/ Southard GL, Parsons LG, Thomas LG Jr, Boulware RT, Woodall IR, Jones BJ.
J Clin Periodontol 1987 Jul;14(6):315-9
The effects of sanguinaria extract and zinc chloride on plaque growth and gingivitis inhibition were assessed on subjects with initially plaque-free tooth surfaces using a series of oral rinses in a single-blind, crossover, no-oral-hygiene study lasting 2 weeks. A placebo oral rinse containing no sanguinaria or zinc chloride (A), and test rinses containing 150 micrograms/ml sanguinaria and 0.2% zinc chloride (B), 300 micrograms/ml sanguinaria and no zinc chloride (C), and 300 micrograms/ml sanguinaria and 0.2% zinc chloride (D) were evaluated. Subjects using the higher concentration rinses C and D had significantly lower plaque scores than rinse A at 7 and 14 days (p less than 0.05 for C, p less than 0.01 for D). However, groups C and D were not significantly different from each other. Group D had significantly lower plaque (p less than 0.05) and gingivitis (p less than 0.01) scores than group B. Subjects who used rinse B and placebo rinse A had the highest plaque and gingivitis scores and comparison of these two groups revealed no significant difference. At the end of 14 days, the % distribution of 0 plaque and gingivitis scores was greatest among subjects using rinses C and D. Subjects in these 2 groups also had the lowest incidence of plaque and gingivitis scores of 2+. It is concluded that the effects of sanguinaria rinses on developing plaque and gingivitis are influenced more by sanguinaria concentrations than the presence or absence of zinc ion, but that zinc ion may provide a mild enhancement of sanguinaria effectiveness against gingivitis.
Phytochemical evidence for the plant origin of Brazilian propolis from Sao Paulo state.
Bankova V, Boudourova-Krasteva G, Sforcin JM, Frete X, Kujumgiev A, Maimoni-Rodella R, Popov S. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. IOCHNP@BGCICT.ACAD.BG
Z Naturforsch [C] 1999 May;54(5-6):401-405
Propolis and plant secretions from three species, most frequently mentioned as botanical sources of the bee glue in Brazil (Baccharis dracunculifolia, Araucaria angustifolia and Eucalyptus citriodora) have been investigated using GC-MS. Based on chemical evidence, B. dracunculifolia was shown to be the main propolis source in Sao Paulo state. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of all four materials were also tested, the most active being propolis and Baccharis leaf exudate.
Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats.
Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Madras, India.
Mol Cell Biochem 1998 Apr;181(1-2):71-76
Wound healing is a fundamental response to tissue injury that results in restoration of tissue integrity. This end is achieved mainly by the synthesis of the connective tissue matrix. Collagen is the major protein of the extracellular matrix, and is the component which ultimately contributes to wound strength. In this work, we report the influence of Aloe vera on the collagen content and its characteristics in a healing wound. It was observed that Aloe vera increased the collagen content of the granulation tissue as well as its degree of crosslinking as seen by increased aldehyde content and decreased acid solubility. The type I/type III collagen ratio of treated groups were lower than that of the untreated controls, indicating enhanced levels of type III collagen. Wounds were treated either by topical application or oral administration of Aloe vera to rats and both treatments were found to result in similar effects.
Influence of Aloe vera on collagen turnover in healing of dermal wounds in rats.
Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, India.
Indian J Exp Biol 1998 Sep;36(9):896-901
Treatment of full-thickness wounds with A. vera, on rats resulted in increased biosynthesis of collagen and its degradation. A corresponding increase in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was also observed. Elevated levels of lysyl oxidase also indicated increased crosslinking of newly synthesised collagen. The results suggest that A. vera influences the wound healing process by enhancing collagen turnover in the wound tissue.
Local anaesthetic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of sesquiterpenes from myrrh.
Dolara P, Corte B, Ghelardini C, Pugliese AM, Cerbai E, Menichetti S, Lo Nostro A.
Planta Med 2000 May;66(4):356-358
We extracted, purified and characterized 8 sesquiterpene fractions from Commyphora molmol. In particular, we focused our attention on a mixture of furanodiene-6-one and methoxyfuranoguaia-9-ene-8-one, which showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against standard pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 2.8 micrograms/ml. These compounds also had local anaesthetic activity, blocking the inward sodium current of excitable mammalian membranes.
Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. IX. Gingival and leucocytic deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 in patients with periodontal disease.
Hansen IL, Iwamoto Y, Kishi T, Folkers K, Thompson LE.
Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976 Aug;14(4):729-738
The specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 reductase in mitochondria were determined for patients from a normal periodontal practice. The criteria for selection were patients having a bone score of 1.0-4.0 and a pocket depth of 2.5-5.2 mm. All 29 patients showed a deficiency of 20-63% of CoQ10-enzyme activity in gingival biopsies. The mean value was elevated (P less than 0.001) over that of controls. For corresponding blood samples, 24/28 (86%) showed deficiencies of 20-66% and a higher (P less than 0.001) mean value than that of controls. Periodontal patients frequently have significant gingival and leucocytic deficiencies of CoQ10. The leucocytic deficiency indicates a systemic nutritional imbalance and is not likely caused by neglected oral hygiene. A gingival deficiency could predispose this tissue to periodontitis and this disease could even augment the deficiency. These results support previously suggested adjunctive use of CoQ10 with oral hygiene for improved treatment presumably through bioenergetics.
Effect of tea polyphenols on glucan synthesis by glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans.
Hattori M; Kusumoto IT; Namba T; Ishigami T; Hara Y Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) (Japan) Mar 1990, 38 (3) p717-20
In the course of our studies on the development of anti-plaque agents for prevention of dental caries, we investigated effects of some of tea preparations and their individual components on the glucan synthesis catalyzed by glucosyltransferase (GTF) from Streptococcus mutans. Extracts of green tea and black tea, and polyphenol mixtures showed appreciable inhibition in the synthesis of insoluble glucan. Among the components isolated from tea infusions, theaflavin and its mono- and digallates had potent inhibitory activities at concentrations of 1-10 mM against GTF. (+)-Catechin, (-)-epicatechin and their enantiomers had moderate inhibitory activities at these concentrations, while galloyl esters of (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-gallocatechin had increased inhibitory activities.
Effectiveness of the Sonicare sonic toothbrush on reduction of plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth and subgingival bacteria in adolescent orthodontic patients.
Ho HP, Niederman R Department of Orthodontics, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
J Clin Dent 1997;8(1 Spec No):15-9
The Sonicare sonic toothbrush and a traditional manual toothbrush were compared for efficacy in improving periodontal health in young orthodontic patients with existing gingival inflammation. A 4-week, single-blind clinical trial was employed. Twenty-four subjects, ages 11-17 years, who were fully bonded and banded with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected. Subjects were randomly assigned to use either the manual or the Sonicare toothbrush, instructed in its use, and asked to brush each morning and evening for 2 minutes. Plaque index, gingival index, percentage of sites which bled on probing, pocket depth, and total gram-negative bacteria in a subgingival plaque sample were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks around the banded teeth. The results demonstrate that the Sonicare brush was significantly more effective than the manual brush in all clinical parameters. Sonicare was statistically superior to the manual brush in supragingival plaque reduction (57% vs. 10%, respectively; p < 0.001). Gingival Index scores fell by 29 percent in the Sonicare group, but only 3 percent in the manual group. Reduction of bleeding on probing was significantly greater in the Sonicare group than in the manual group (p < 0.001). The Sonicare group decreased from 78% bleeding sites at baseline to 24.5% after 1 month. In the manual group there was only a slight reduction in bleeding on probing (70% of sites at baseline and 64.6% sites after 1 month). Mean pocket depths were significantly reduced compared to baseline values in both the Sonicare and the manual groups (p < 0.001). Pocket depth reduction in the Sonicare group was, however, significantly greater than in the manual group (28% vs. 6%, respectively: p < 0.001). Total gram-negative bacteria in subgingival plaque samples from banded test teeth of a subset of patients were reduced in the Sonicare group (p < or = 0.05), but increased in the manual group. These results clearly demonstrate that the Sonicare sonic toothbrush is superior to a manual toothbrush in improving periodontal health in adolescent orthodontic patients with existing gingivitis.
A pilot study of Japanese green tea as a medicament: antibacterial and bactericidal effects.
Horiba N; Maekawa Y; Ito M; Matsumoto T; Nakamura H Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
J Endod (United States) Mar 1991, 17 (3) p122-4
Antibacterial and bactericidal actions of extracts of four kinds of Japanese green tea were tested against 24 bacterial strains isolated from infected root canals. The extracts of all four teas had antibacterial and bactericidal actions against many of the bacteria.
Nutritional composition and vitamin C stability in stored camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) pulp.
Justi KC, Visentainer JV, Evelazio de Souza N, Matsushita M. Department of Chemistry, State University of Maring, Maringa, Parana, Brazi.
Arch Latinoam Nutr 2000 Dec;50(4):405-408
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), a native fruit of the Amazon region, is one of the richest sources of vitamin C (2.4 to 3.0 g/100 g in the pulp) found in Brazil. The purpose of this work was the physical-chemical characterization of some nutrients and the valuation of vitamin C stability in stored camu-camu pulp, produced by the Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), Parana State, Brazil. The vitamin C determination was made by titration with potassium iodate. The fruit produced in Parana State, presented a lower content of vitamin C than the one native of the amazon region, possibly due to the different development conditions of the plant, and consequently of the fruit, as well as the climatic variation, the humidity and the characteristics of the soil. Regarding the vitamin C stability in stored (-18 degrees C) camu-camu pulp, a considerable decrease in its concentration until the 28th day was observed lost 23% (from 1.57 to 1.21 g/100 g), staying approximately the same until the end of the experiment. After 335 days of storage, the content found was of approximately 1.16 g/100 g of pulp, the ascorbic acid losses amounted to 26%. This content was still higher than the one found for most fruits that are good sources of this vitamin.
Mechanisms involved in the antiinflammatory effect of propolis extract.
Khayyal MT; el-Ghazaly MA; el-Khatib AS Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
Drugs Exp Clin Res (Switzerland) 1993, 19 (5) p197-203
Propolis is a natural product produced by the honey bee. The extract contains amino acids, flavanoids, terpenes and cinnamic acid derivatives. In various in vitro models propolis extract was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and to inhibit eicosanoid synthesis, suggesting that it might have potent antiinflammatory properties. A 13% aqueous extract was tested orally in three dose levels (1, 5 and 10 ml/kg) on the carrageenan rat paw oedema model and on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. In both models, the extract showed potent dose-related antiinflammatory activity, which compared well with that of diclofenac (as a reference standard). The extract was then tested on an isolated sensitized guinea pig lung preparation to study its effect on the release of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and histamine. It is concluded that propolis extract has potent antiinflammatory properties in vivo. Its activity can be well correlated with its effects on the release of various mediators of inflammation .
[Effect of vitamins A, E and K on the indices of the glutathione antiperoxide system in gingival tissues in periodontosis]
Khmelevskii IuV; Danilevskii NF; Borisenko AV; Poberezkina NV
Vopr Pitan (USSR) Jul-Aug 1985, (4) p54-6
Glutathione reductase is activated and the content of glutathione sulfhydryl groups is increased in the gingival tissue of patients afficted with parodontosis. The degree of alterations depends on the degree of the development and character of the disease. Application of antioxidant vitamin therapy (vitamins A, E and K) locally and per os normalizes the parameters under study and improves the status of the parodontium.
[Antimicrobial effects of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on oral microorganisms]. [Article in German]
Kulik E, Lenkeit K, Meyer J. Institut fur Praventivzahnmedizin und Orale Mikrobiologie, Zentrum fur Zahmedizin der Universitat Basel, Hebelstrasse 3, 4056 Basel Eva.Kulik@unibas.ch
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2000;110(11):125-130
The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In this study the bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal/fungicidal activity of a tea tree oil solution, of a new tea tree oil (Tebodont) and the respective placebo-gel, of a chlorhexidindigluconate-solution and of PlakOut was tested in vitro against ten different oral microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were in the range from 0.0293% to 1.25% for the tea tree oil solution and from 0.0082% to 1.25% for the tea tree oil gel. The values for minimum bacteriocidal/fungicidal concentrations were in the range from 0.0521% to 2.5% for the tea tree oil solution and from <0.0098% to 3.33% for the tea tree oil gel. The most susceptible microorganisms were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, whereas Streptococcus mutans and Prevotella intermedia were the least susceptible ones. Both for the chlorhexidindigluconate solution and for PlakOut the values for the minimal inhibitory concentration and for the minimal cidal concentration were between <0.0002% and 0.0125%.
The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response.
Mirzoeva OK, Calder PC. Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996 Dec;55(6):441-449
To investigate the possible mechanism of the therapeutic action of propolis, we studied: (a) the effect of propolis, its components, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), caffeic acid (CA), quercetin and naringenin, as well as the synthetic compounds indomethacin (IM) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and a novel lipoxygenase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexyl-O-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl) isourea (DCHCU) on eicosanoid production by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro; (b) the effect of IM, NDGA, CA, CAPE, DCHCU and propolis on eicosanoid production during acute inflammation in vivo; and (c) the ex vivo and in vivo effect of dietary propolis on arachidonic acid metabolism. The ethanol extract of propolis suppressed prostaglandin and leukotriene generation by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and during zymosan-induced acute peritoneal inflammation in vivo. Dietary propolis significantly suppressed the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism during inflammation in vivo. CAPE was the most potent modulator of the arachidonic acid cascade among the propolis components examined.
Study of CoQ10-enzymes in gingiva from patients with periodontal disease and evidence for a deficiency of coenzyme Q10.
Nakamura R, Littarru GP, Folkers K, Wilkinson EG.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974 Apr;71(4):1456-1460
NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Calcium and the risk for periodontal disease.
Nishida M, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, Ho AW, Trevisan M, Genco RJ. Sunstar, Inc., Osaka, Japan. SUN01574@nifty.com
J Periodontol 2000 Jul;71(7):1057-66
BACKGROUND: Dietary calcium has long been a candidate to modulate periodontal disease. Animal as well as human studies of calcium intake, bone mineral density, and tooth loss provide a rationale for hypothesizing that low dietary intake of calcium is a risk factor for periodontal disease. METHODS: We evaluated the role of dietary calcium intake as a contributing risk factor for periodontal disease utilizing the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which is representative of the U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population. Dietary calcium intake was determined from a 24-hour dietary recall. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Nutrient Database was used as a source of nutrient composition data. Periodontal disease was measured by attachment loss. In addition, serum calcium was assessed using venous blood samples. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between periodontal disease and dietary calcium intake or serum calcium levels after adjusting for covariants including age, gender, tobacco consumption, and gingival bleeding. RESULTS: The association of lower dietary calcium intake with periodontal disease was found for young males and females (20 to 39 years of age), and for older males (40 to 59 years of age). The relationship between low dietary calcium intake and increased levels of periodontal disease showed an estimated odds ratio (OR) of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.36 to 2.48) for young males, 1.99 (95% CI: 1.34 to 2.97) for young females, and 1.90 (95% CI: 1.41 to 2.55) for the older group of males. These odds ratios were adjusted for gingival bleeding and tobacco consumption. The dose response was also seen in females, where there was 54% greater risk of periodontal disease for the lowest level of dietary calcium intake (2 to 499 mg) and 27% greater risk in females who took moderate levels of dietary calcium (500 to 799 mg) as compared to those who took 800 mg or more dietary calcium per day. A statistically significant association between low total serum calcium and periodontal disease was found in younger females aged 20 to 39 with OR = 6.11 (95% CI: 2.36 to 15.84) but not for males or older females, after adjusting for tobacco use, gingival bleeding, and dietary calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that low dietary intake of calcium results in more severe periodontal disease. Further studies will be needed to better define the role of calcium in periodontal disease and to determine the extent to which calcium supplementation will modulate periodontal disease and tooth loss.
A gender perspective of self-perceived oral health in adolescents: associations with attitudes and behaviours.
Ostberg AL, Halling A, Lindblad U. Public Dental Services and Skaraborg Institute, Skovde, Sweden.
Community Dent Health 2001 Jun;18(2):110-116
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between dental attitudes and behaviours, and self-perceived oral health from a gender perspective in an adolescent population. DESIGN: A census survey. Self-reported questionnaires were answered anonymously in a standardized manner in classrooms. Attitudes studied included the importance of sound teeth and feelings towards visits to the dentist. Behaviours were represented by floss usage and sweets consumption. SETTING: All senior and upper secondary level schools in Skaraborg County, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 17,280 students, aged 13-18 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-perceived oral health, represented by a single-item rating; satisfaction with the appearance of the teeth; self-assessed gum bleeding; and a perceived oral health (POH) index. RESULTS: Recognising sound teeth as important was a predominating attitude among the respondents (boys 94%, girls 97%) and was significantly associated with a good perceived oral health overall. Individuals who experienced visits to dentist as unpleasant (boys 36%, girls 43%) were less likely to perceive good oral health as single-item rated (OR for boys 0.55[0.49, 0.63], girls 0.40[0.34, 0.47]). Regular use of floss had a small protective effect on bleeding gums. Daily sweets consumption showed a significant and inverse association with self-perceived oral health as single-item rated (OR for boys 0.53[0.44, 0.66], girls 0.49[0.40, 0.60]). Girls, more often than boys, perceived their oral health to be good, except in the perception of the appearance of their teeth. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the strong associations between attitudes and self-perceived oral health should be recognised in strategies for oral health promotion and that gender differences must be considered.
Anticaries effects of polyphenolic compounds from Japanese green tea.
Otake S; Makimura M; Kuroki T; Nishihara Y; Hirasawa M Department of Clinical Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Matsudo, Japan.
Caries Res (Switzerland) 1991, 25 (6) p438-43
The dental caries inhibiting effect of the extract from Japanese green tea, one of the most popular drinks in Japan, was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The crude tea polyphenolic compounds (designated Sunphenon) from the leaf of Camellia sinensis were found to effectively inhibit the attachment of Streptococcus mutans strain JC-2 (serotype c) to saliva-coated hydroxyapatide discs. Sunphenon was also inhibitory to water-insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by crude glucosyltransferase of S. mutans JC-2 (c). Among the tea catechins tested, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate showed the most potent inhibition of the glucosyltransferase activity. Finally, significantly lower caries scores were observed in specific pathogen free rats infected with S. mutans JC-2 (c) and fed a cariogenic diet and/or drinking water containing 0.05% Sunphenon as compared with control rats not receiving polyphenolic compounds.
Folate mouthwash: effects on established gingivitis in periodontal patients.
Pack AR
J Clin Periodontol 1984 Oct;11(9):619-28
A double blind study was designed to determine the effects of folate mouthwash (MW) on established gingivitis in non-pregnant adults. 60 subjects who had greater than 20 teeth, visible gingival inflammation around greater than 6 teeth, no complicated medical history, currently not receiving periodontal treatment or medication, and not wearing dentures, were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups. Full mouth assessment included plaque scores, gingival colour changes, bleeding tendency around every tooth and experience of disease and local factors. Subjects used 5 ml of MW twice daily for 4 weeks, rinsing for 1 min before expectorating. Experimental MW contained 5 mg folate per 5 ml. The control group used a placebo MW. A detailed 3-day diet record was kept by each subject. The oral examination was repeated after 4 weeks. Initially, groups were similar except that the experimental group exhibited more bleeding sites at the outset, but after 4 weeks, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in mean number of colour change sites (from 70.17 +/- 12.89 to 56.62 +/- 17.42) and in bleeding sites (from 48.59 +/- 24.28 to 29.28 +/- 19.64) compared with control group (colour: from 66.93 +/- 15.27 to 66.20 +/- 18.83; bleeding: from 36.93 +/- 16.96 to 39.47 +/- 16.67) p less than 0.001. Dietary analysis showed that few subjects ate greater than 200 micrograms folate daily. However, the level of dietary folate did not correlate with changes in inflammation in experimental subjects, r = 0.097. Folate MW appears to have an influence on gingival health through local rather than systemic influence.
Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts against dental caries
Rasheed A; Haider M Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Arch Pharm Res (Korea) Jun 1998, 21 (3) p348-52
Different bacteria were separated from saliva and teeth of cariogenic patients and identified by a variety of morphological and biochemical tests. Extracts of green tea strongly inhibited Escherichia coli, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial effect of green and black tea extracts were compared with those of amoxicillin, cephradine and eugenol.
Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis.
Rehman J, Dillow JM, Carter SM, Chou J, Le B, Maisel AS. Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Diego 92161, USA.
Immunol Lett 1999 Jun 1;68(2-3):391-395
A number of immunomodulatory effects have been attributed to the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis); however, little is known about whether treatment with these plants can enhance antigen-specific immunity. We investigated the antigen-specific in vivo immunomodulatory potential of continuous treatment with Echinacea and Goldenseal root extract over a period of 6 weeks using rats that were injected with the novel antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and re-exposed to KLH after the initial exposure. Immunoglobulin production was monitored via ELISA continuously over a period of 6 weeks. The Echinacea-treated group showed a significant augmentation of their primary and secondary IgG response to the antigen, whereas the Goldenseal-treated group showed an increase in the primary IgM response during the first 2 weeks of treatment. Our results suggest that medicinal plants like Echinacea or Goldenseal may enhance immune function by increasing antigen-specific immunoglobulin production.
The inhibitory effect of funoran and eucalyptus extract-containing chewing gum on plaque formation.
Sato S; Yoshinuma N; Ito K; Tokumoto T; Takiguchi T; Suzuki Y; Murai S Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
J Oral Sci (Japan) Sep 1998, 40 (3) p115-7
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of funoran containing chewing gum (FG) and eucalyptus extract- containing chewing gum (EG) on plaque formation. Fifteen dentists or dental students were assigned a random order of use of either FG, EG or a control gum . All subjects received professional tooth cleanings before the experiment. During the four-day test periods, no oral hygiene measures were allowed other than chewing three pieces of gum for approximately 10 min daily. Chewing gum was used following each morning, noon and evening meal. Plaque formation was evaluated by the Quigley and Hein index. The FG (1.83 +/- 1.1) and EG (1.97 +/- 1.1) significantly reduced plaque compared to the control gum (2.57 +/- 1.2). Our results suggest that FG and EG may be useful in inhibiting dental plaque formation.
The Coenzyme Q10 Phenomenon 1998.
Sinatra, S.T.
Chicago: Keats. Chapter 8.
Oral changes in a folic acid deficient patient precipitated by anticonvulsant drug therapy
Stein GM; Lewis H Westmoreland Hosp., Greensburg, Pa., United States
Journal of Periodontology, 1973, 44/- (645-650)
A case history is presented of a 17 yr old female with a history of epilepsy from the age of 12 yr, who was receiving 250 mg of primidone 4 times daily, and who reported to hospital complaining of a sore mouth. On examination there were pallor of the mucous membranes, and ulcerations of the lips, tongue, and alveolar and buccal mucosa. Ballooning of the alveolar mucosa was seen and there was generalized gingivitis and a glossitis which extended from the tip of the tongue to the posterior tonsillar wall. She was apathetic and the hematocrit showed a 15% reduction. On the 4th day in hospital she was started on sodium folate, 15 mg daily. The hematocrit gradually increased and the oral ulcerations improved. She was discharged on folate and phenobarbital therapy. 6 wk later she was in excellent health and free from convulsions. No oral disease was present. This report should alert the clinician to the possibility that an anticonvulsant drug can induce folic acid deficiency with accompanying oral epithelial changes.
Effects of extended systemic and topical folate supplementation on gingivitis of pregnancy.
Thomson ME, Pack AR J Clin Periodontol 1982 May;9(3):275-80
A former double-blind study evaluated the effect of a 14-day period of systemic and topical folate supplementation on gingival inflammation during pregnancy (Pack & Thomson 1980). The current experiment was similar to the earlier one except that supplementation was for 28 days during the eighth month only. Thirty women during their 32nd week of pregnancy were randomly divided into three equal groups. Control Group A received placebo mouthwash (MW) and placebo tablets; Group B received placebo MW and one 5 mg folate tablet daily; Group C received placebo tablets and rinsed with folate MW twice daily for 1 min. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, oral status was determined using a plaque index (PlI) and a gingival index (GI). Each subject furnished a 1-week diet record which was analysed for dietary folate. No differences in parameters existed between groups at the commencement of the study except for folate levels which were lower in Group B. Results confirmed the findings of the former experiment. Group C showed highly significant improvement in GI despite no significant changes in PlI (0.001 less than P less than 0.01), whilst in Group B, changes in gingival health were not statistically significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). No significant changes were demonstrated in Group A. Folate levels increased significantly in Groups B and C. Dietary folate was similar in all groups.
Simultaneous determination of catechins in human saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Tsuchiya H; Sato M; Kato H; Okubo T; Juneja LR; Kim M Department of Dental Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan.
J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl (Netherlands) Dec 5 1997,703(1-2)p253-8
Green tea extracts have been suggested to possess a preventive effect against dental caries. A quantitative method for their anticariogenic substances, catechins, was developed to evaluate their concentrations in human saliva after mouthrinsing with green tea extract. Salivary catechins were extracted to the organic phase after forming a complex with diphenyl-borate and an ion-pair with tetra-n-butylammonium, and then back-extracted to the acidic aqueous phase. The extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection at absorption wavelengths ranging from 269 to 278 nm. In reversed-phase chromatography by a gradient elution, eight catechins originating from green tea and an internal standard were separated in 15 min without interfering peaks. All the catechins were simultaneously and selectively determined in the concentration range 0.05-25.0 microg/ml. In replicate spiking experiments with standards, the mean recovery ranged between 86 and 99%, and both intra- and inter-assay C.V.s were within 2.3%. When mouthrinsing with an aqueous solution of green tea extract (5.0 mg/ml) containing eight catechins, the quantitative results revealed that each catechin was retained at microg/ml levels in saliva for up to 60 min.
Antiinflammatory activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel.
Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B. Laboratory of Pharmacology, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales Iztacala (E.N.E.P-I), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, Mexico.
J Ethnopharmacol 1996 Dec;55(1):69-75
We studied the effects of aqueous, chloroform, and ethanol extracts of Aloe vera gel on carrageenan-induced edema in the rat paw, and neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity stimulated by carrageenan. We also studied the capacity of the aqueous extract to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity. The aqueous and chloroform extracts decreased the edema induced in the hind-paw and the number of neutrophils migrating into the peritoneal cavity, whereas the ethanol extract only decreased the number of neutrophils. The antiinflammatory agents indomethacin and dexamethasone also decreased carrageenan-induced edema and neutrophil migration. The aqueous extract inhibited prostaglandin E2 production from [14C]arachidonic acid. The chemical tests performed in the aqueous extract for anthraglycosides, reductor sugars and cardiotonic glycosides were positive. In the ethanol extract, the chemical tests performed for saponins, carbohydrates naftoquinones, sterols, triterpenoids and anthraquinones were also positive. In the chloroform extract, the chemical tests performed for sterols type delta 5, and anthraquinones were positive. These results demonstrated that the extracts of Aloe vera gel have antiinflammatory activity and suggested its inhibitory action on the arachidonic acid pathway via cyclooxygenase.
[Physico-chemical characterization of acerola (Malpighia glabra L.) produced in Maringa, Parana State, Brazil]. [Article in Portuguese]
Visentainer JV, Vieira OA, Matsushita M, de Souza NE. Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brasil.
Arch Latinoam Nutr 1997 Mar;47(1):70-72
The acerola Malpighia glabra L., originally from the Antillas and North of South America, known by the people as cereja-das-antilhas or cereja-do-para distinguish itself by its high content of vitamin C. The ripe and fresh acerola fruits utilized in experiments, were obtained from farmers of Maringa region, Parana State, Brazil. The fruits were hulled in steel sieve with 25 mesh and the bagasse (seeds and hull) discarded. These physico-chemical analysis were realized in the pulp: vitamin C, moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, lipids and fatty acids composition. We also determined the content of ash and cadmium, calcium, lead, copper, chrome, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium and zinc minerals. The average content of vitamin C was 1.79 g/100 g of pulp, it was higher than the one for other fruits, like pineapple, araca, cashew, guava, kiwi, orange, lemon, and strawberry and lower than the camu-camu sylvestral fruit of Amazonia. The contents of moisture, carbohydrate, fiber, lipids and minerals in the acerola were not significantly different when compared to other fruits.
The effect of folic acid on gingival health.
Vogel RI, Fink RA, Schneider LC, Frank O, Baker H.
J Periodontol 1976 Nov;47(11):667-8
On days 0 and 30 of a double blind study, two groups of 15 subjects each were evaluated using a plaque index, a gingival index, a gingival exudate flow and fasting plasma folic acid levels. Group I received 2 mg of folic acid twice daily for 30 days while Group II received a placebo. Results of the study seem to indicate that folic acid supplemented to the diet may increase the resistance of the gingiva to local irritants and thus lead to a reduction in inflammation.
The effect of folic acid on experimentally produced gingivitis.
Vogel, R.I., Deasy, M.J.
J. Prev. Dent. 1978 Jul-Aug; 5(4): 30-2.
No abstract available.
Experimental study: contraceptive users with normal plasma folate levels demonstrated improved gingival health after receiving supplementation with folic acid 4 mg/d for 60 days.
Vogel, R.L. et al.
J. Prev. Dent. 1980; 6: 221.
No abstract available.
The effect of topical application of folic acid on gingival health.
Vogel RI, Fink RA, Frank O, Baker H.
Oral Med. 1978 Jan-Mar;33(1):22-2.
No abstract available.
Examination of the relation between periodontal health status and cardiovascular risk factors: serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and plasma fibrinogen.
Wu T, Trevisan M, Genco RJ, Falkner KL, Dorn JP, Sempos CT. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA.
Am J Epidemiol 2000 Feb 1;151(3):273-282
Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), the authors examined the relation between periodontal health and cardiovascular risk factors: serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and plasma fibrinogen. A total of 10,146 participants were included in the analyses of cholesterol and C-reactive protein and 4,461 in the analyses of fibrinogen. Periodontal health indicators included the gingival bleeding index, calculus index, and periodontal disease status (defined by pocket depth and attachment loss). While cholesterol and fibrinogen were analyzed as continuous variables, C-reactive protein was dichotomized into two levels. The results show a significant relation between indicators of poor periodontal status and increased C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. The association between periodontal status and total cholesterol level is much weaker. No consistent association between periodontal status and high density lipoprotein cholesterol was detectable. Similar patterns of association were observed for participants aged 17-54 years and those 55 years and older. In conclusion, this study suggests that total cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen are possible intermediate factors that may link periodontal disease to elevated cardiovascular risk.
Study on feasibility of Chinese green tea polyphenols(CTP)for preventing dental caries
You SQ Department of Stomatology, Ning bo First Hospital.
Chung Hua Kou Chiang Hsueh Tsa Chih (China) Jul 1993,28(4)p197-9,254
This study demonstrated that streptococcus mutans could be inhibited completely after contacted with 0.1% CTP for 5 minutes. There were no drug resistance after repeat cultures in 0.025% CTP. Plaque Index and Gingival Index decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after 0.2% CTP were used to rinse and brush the teeth. Results proved that CTP is an effective agent to prevent dental caries.
Healthy Mouth, Healthy Body 2000,
Zeines, V.
p. 63. New York: Kensington Books. |