Jun 26, 2009 (National Institutes of Health Documents and
Publications/ContentWorks via COMTEX) -- U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH NIH News National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Embargoed for Release: Thursday, June 25, 2009, 12:00 p.m. EDT
RESEARCHERS IDENTIFY A NOVEL MECHANISM THAT COULD BE TARGETED TO PREVENT CANCER
SPREAD
Researchers have discovered a key to the function of a specific protein that
helps control the levels of other critical proteins within cells, including a
protein that suppresses the spread of cancer. The new information about the
mechanism of action of the protein, called gp78, may enable researchers to
explore new types of therapies to prevent the spread of cancer. The study, by
researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National
Institutes of Health, was published in the June 26, 2009, issue of Molecular
Cell.
In all human cells, damaged or unnecessary proteins are destroyed through a
complex process that involves their being tagged with chains of a small protein
called ubiquitin. The ubiquitin-tagged proteins are then directed to a
sophisticated cellular structure known as the proteasome, which degrades the
proteins.
The addition of ubiquitin to targeted proteins, a process called ubiquitylation,
takes place in a multistep process in which several types of proteins, or
enzymes, function in a sequential, bucket brigade-like manner. First, ubiquitin
is activated by an enzyme known as E1. The activated ubiquitin is then
transferred to E2, another enzyme. The E2 binds in turn to another protein known
as E3, or ubiquitin protein ligase, which is critical for the transfer of
ubiquitin to the targeted protein. This process occurs in a highly regulated
manner that allows the recognition and targeting of specific proteins. To
achieve the necessary specificity, human cells have about 40 different types of
E2 enzymes and more than 500 E3 proteins.
A majority of E3s have an internal structural component, or domain, known as a
RING finger, which binds weakly to E2s and allows ubiquitylation to proceed. An
earlier study by one of the lead authors of the current report, Allan M.
Weissman, M.D., of NCI's Center for Cancer Research (CCR), discovered that a
RING finger E3, known as gp78, has a unique region called G2BR that strongly
binds to its E2. Weissman and other NCI scientists previously showed that higher
levels of gp78 promote the spread of cancer by tagging a protein for degradation
that suppresses metastasis and that the ubiquitin ligase activity of gp78 was
required for this degradation. Other targets of gp78 include proteins that are
involved in cystic fibrosis and in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
In this new work, a team of CCR researchers, led by R. Andrew Byrd, Ph.D.,
Xinhua Ji, Ph.D., and Weissman, used advanced structural techniques to study the
structure of gp78 and its associated E2 enzyme to gain insight into how the
complex functions in cells. The researchers determined the structural basis for
the interaction between gp78 and its E2 and uncovered a previously unknown
mechanism by which ubiquitylation can be regulated. They found that the gp78
G2BR binds its E2 in an area that is distinct from the sites where the gp78 RING
finger domain binds to the E2. This binding causes subtle changes in the shape
of the E2 that allow the gp78 RING finger domain and the E2 to join together 50
times more tightly than they otherwise would. Further research showed that this
increased binding strength enhances ubiquitylation of target proteins by gp78.
This discovery may allow researchers to consider possible approaches to blocking
the function of gp78 in cancer cells, leading to new types of treatment for
cancer and other diseases. "Our study provides a previously unappreciated
mechanism by which ubiquitylation can be regulated," said Weissman. "It is
likely that other pairs of E2s and E3s interact through domains, which have yet
to be characterized, that are similar to the gp78 G2BR and its corresponding
binding site on its E2. This introduces the possibility of entirely new
therapeutic avenues in cancer and other diseases."
This team is currently working to further define the interactions of E2s and
RING finger domains. They also are collaborating with other NCI scientists to
design and construct potential inhibitors of gp78, based on their discovery, for
testing in animal models.
For more information on Dr. Weissman's research, please go to
http://ccr.cancer.gov/Staff/Staff.asp'profileid=6524, for Dr. Byrd's research,
please go to http://ccr.cancer.gov/staff/staff.asp'profileid=5544, and for Dr.
Ji's research, please go to
http://ccr.cancer.gov/staff/staff.asp'profileid=5860.
NCI leads the National Cancer Program and the NIH effort to dramatically reduce
the burden of cancer and improve the lives of cancer patients and their
families, through research into prevention and cancer biology, the development
of new interventions, and the training and mentoring of new researchers. For
more information about cancer, please visit the NCI Web site at
http://www.cancer.gov or call NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER
(1-800-422-6237).
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) -- The Nation's Medical Research Agency
-- includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting
and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it
investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare
diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
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