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Anticaries effects of polyphenolic compounds from
Japanese green tea.
Otake S; Makimura M; Kuroki T; Nishihara Y; Hirasawa M
Department of Clinical Pathology, Nihon University School of
Dentistry, Matsudo, Japan.
Caries Res (Switzerland) 1991, 25 (6) p438-43
The dental caries inhibiting effect of the extract from
Japanese green tea, one of the most popular drinks in Japan,
was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The crude tea
polyphenolic compounds (designated Sunphenon) from the leaf of
Camellia sinensis were found to effectively inhibit the
attachment of Streptococcus mutans strain JC-2 (serotype c) to
saliva-coated hydroxyapatide discs. Sunphenon was also
inhibitory to water-insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by
crude glucosyltransferase of S. mutans JC-2 (c). Among the tea
catechins tested, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and
(-)-epicatechin gallate showed the most potent inhibition of
the glucosyltransferase activity. Finally, significantly lower
caries scores were observed in specific pathogen free rats
infected with S. mutans JC-2 (c) and fed a cariogenic diet
and/or drinking water containing 0.05% Sunphenon as compared
with control rats not receiving polyphenolic compounds.
A pilot study of Japanese green tea as a
medicament: antibacterial and bactericidal effects.
Horiba N; Maekawa Y; Ito M; Matsumoto T; Nakamura H
Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin
University, Nagoya, Japan.
J Endod (United States) Mar 1991, 17 (3) p122-4
Antibacterial and bactericidal actions of extracts of four
kinds of Japanese green tea were tested against 24 bacterial
strains isolated from infected root canals. The extracts of
all four teas had antibacterial and bactericidal actions
against many of the bacteria.
Effect of tea polyphenols on glucan synthesis by
glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans.
Hattori M; Kusumoto IT; Namba T; Ishigami T; Hara Y
Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Medical and
Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) (Japan) Mar 1990, 38 (3)
p717-20
In the course of our studies on the development of
anti-plaque agents for prevention of dental caries, we
investigated effects of some of tea preparations and their
individual components on the glucan synthesis catalyzed by
glucosyltransferase (GTF) from Streptococcus mutans. Extracts
of green tea and black tea, and polyphenol mixtures showed
appreciable inhibition in the synthesis of insoluble glucan.
Among the components isolated from tea infusions, theaflavin
and its mono- and digallates had potent inhibitory activities
at concentrations of 1-10 mM against GTF. (+)-Catechin,
(-)-epicatechin and their enantiomers had moderate inhibitory
activities at these concentrations, while galloyl esters of
(-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-gallocatechin
had increased inhibitory activities.
Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of compositae
and their anti-inflammatory effects.
Akihisa T; Yasukawa K; Oinuma H; Kasahara Y; Yamanouchi S;
Takido M; Kumaki K; Tamura T
College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Tokyo,
Japan.
Phytochemistry (United States) Dec 1996, 43 (6)
p1255-60
Eleven tabular and nine ligulate flowers from 15 species of
Compositae plants were investigated for their triterpene
alcohol constituents. This led to the isolation and
identification of 11 triterpene alcohols as follows: heliaol,
taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin,
lupeol, taraxerol, cycloartenol, 24-methyl-enecycloartanol,
tirucalla-7,24-dienol and dammaradienol. The tabular flowers
of Calendula officinalis, Carthamus tinctorius, Cosmos
bipinnatus, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Helianthus annuus and
Matricaria matricarioides showed a characteristic feature by
containing helianol as the most predominant component (29-86%)
in the triterpene alcohol fractions. The triterpene alcohols
from Compositae flowers were evaluated with respect to their
anti-inflammatory activity against
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-ind uced inflammation (1
microgram per ear) in mice. All of these showed marked
inhibitory activity, and their 50% inhibitory dose was 0.1-0.8
mg per ear.
[Anti-inflammatory action of a group of plant
extracts]
Shipochliev T; Dimitrov A; Aleksandrova E
Vet Med Nauki (Bulgaria) 1981, 18 (6) p87-94
Use was made of Wistar albino rats in which an inflammation
was induced via the simultaneous injection of caraginan and
prostaglandin E1 in order to evaluate the antiinflammatory
activity of 6 freeze dried plant extracts. It was found that
with such model of inflammation the inflammatory effect of
caraginan was strongly enhanced, which was accompanied by the
rapid and prolific white blood cell extravasates. The
freeze-dried extracts of St. John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum
L.), potmarigold calendula (Calendula officinalis L.),
camomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) and plantain (Plantago
lanceolata L. et Pl. major L.) were found to suppress both the
inflammatory effect and the leukocyte infiltration. The
extracts of symphytum (Symphytum officinale L.) and those of
flax seed (Linum usitatissimum L.) did not inhibit the
inflammation, however, they suppressed the leukocyte
infiltration at the 3rd and 4th hour of the induced
inflammation .
Anti-calculus activity of a toothpaste with
microgranules.
Chesters RK; O'Mullane DM; Finnerty A; Huntington E; Jones
PR
Unilever Dental Research,Port Sunlight Laboratory, Wirral,
Merseyside, UK.
Oral Dis (England) Sep 1998, 4 (3) p213-6
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the trial was to determine the
efficacy of the proven anticalculus active system (zinc
citrate trihydrate [ZCT] and triclosan), when the ZCT is
delivered from microgranules incorporated in a silica-based
toothpaste containing 1450 ppm F as sodium fluoride.
DESIGN: A monadic, single-blind, two phase design clinical
trial was used to compare the effect of the test and a
negative control fluoridated toothpaste on the formation of
supragingival calculus.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Male and female calculus-forming
volunteers, aged 18 or over, were recruited for the study
following a 2-week screening phase. All subjects were given a
scale and polish of their eight lower anterior teeth at the
start of both the pre-test and test phases. Subjects were
supplied with a silica-based 1450 Fppm fluoridated toothpaste
with no anti-calculus active for use during an 8-week pre-test
phase. Calculus was assessed at the end of the pre-test and
test phases using the Volpe-Manhold index (VMI). Subjects were
stratified according to their pre-test VMI score (8-10,
10.5-12, > 12) and gender and then allocated at random to
test or negative control toothpaste groups. Subjects with <
8 mm of calculus were excluded from further participation.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The outcome variable was the mean VMI
score for the test and negative control groups.
RESULTS: The test toothpaste caused a statistically
significant 30% reduction in calculus compared with the
control paste after a 13-week use. No adverse events were
reported during the study.
CONCLUSION: The incorporation of the ZCT in microgranules
did not adversely affect the anticalculus activity of the new
formulation.
Effect of citric acid concentration on dentin
demineralization, dehydration, and rehydration: atomic force
microscopy study.
Marshall GW Jr; Wu-Magidi IC; Watanabe LG; Inai N; Balooch M;
Kinney JH; Marshall SJ
Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of
California, San Francisco 94143-0758, USA.
graymar@itsa.ucsf.edu
J Biomed Mater Res (United States) Dec 15 1998, 42 (4)
p500-7
Most current dentin bonding procedures use acid etchants to
partially demineralize the dentin structure and provide
pathways for resin infiltration. This study determined the
recession rates of peritubular dentin and intertubular dentin
as a function of pH during demineralization in citric acid
solutions (0.0005-2.5M) and the effects of dehydration and
rehydration on the partially demineralized dentin. Polished
dentin disks were prepared with an internal reference layer
and were studied at specific intervals for citric acid etching
between pH 1 and 3.4 in an atomic force microscope.
Peritubular dentin etched rapidly and linearly with time until
it could no longer be measured. The intertubular surface began
etching at nearly the same rate, but then recession slowed for
all concentrations and stabilized after recession of less than
1 microm for all but the pH 1 solution. The decrease in
recession was attributed to the limitation of contraction of
the demineralized collagen scaffold as long as it remained
hydrated. Dehydration following etching resulted in
significant collapse of the surface, changes in roughness, and
a slight decrease in tubule diameter for samples etched for 30
min. Measurements could not be made of the collapse for low pH
samples, because shrinkage stresses disrupted the integrity of
the reference layer. On rehydration, the dehydrated surfaces
underwent an expansion up to the level seen after etching and
tubule diameters returned to the etched values. These results
indicate that the collapse of demineralized matrix is almost
totally recoverable on rehydration.
The effectiveness of three irrigating solutions on
root canal cleaning after hand and mechanical
preparation.
Liolios E; Economides N; Parissis-Messimeris S; Boutsioukis
A
Department of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, School of
Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Int Endod J (England) Jan 1997, 30 (1) p51-7
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and
compare the efficacy of three irrigating solutions after hand
and mechanical instrumentation. Sixty intact, single,
straight-rooted, human teeth were used in this study. They
were instrumented using K-files sizes 15 to 50 with hand or
mechanical instrumentation. Mechanical instrumentation was
with one of two handpieces, the Endocursor or Endolift.
Instrumentation time for each file was 1 min. Each change of
file was followed by irrigation with 1 mL 1% NaOCl. A flush of
2 mL of one of three irrigating solutions Largal Ultra,
Tubulicid Plus or 50% citric acid, was administered at the end
of the instrumentation and a final flush of 5 mL distilled
water completed the treatment. The specimens were prepared and
viewed under the scanning electron microscope. There were no
significant differences in the smear layers produced by the
three methods of instrumentation. The use of Largal Ultra and
Tubulicid Plus removed considerable amounts of the smear layer
regardless of the method of instrumentation. The use of 50%
citric acid, on the other hand, removed the smear layer only
partially whilst producing rather diverse findings.
Effect of citric acid clearance on the saturation
with respect to hydroxyapatite in saliva.
Bashir E; Lagerlof F
Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Karolinska
Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
Caries Res (Switzerland) 1996, 30 (3) p213-7
Citric acid contained in beverages and foods is one of the
main causes of enamel erosion. It was hypothesized that the
clearance of citric acid from saliva would influence the
degree of salivary saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite
(OHAp). Ten subjects rinsed with 2% citric acid, pH 2.1, for
5s. Before and at 1,2, 5, 10 and 15 min after the rinse, a
small saliva sample was collected. The sample pH, ionic
strength and the concentrations of ionized calcium, inorganic
phosphate and citric acid were determined. The pH of the
saliva decreased from 7.21 + or - 0.40 (mean + or - SD) at
time zero to a minimum of 6.46 + or - 0.88 at 1 min after the
rinse. It was back to baseline value after 15 min. The saliva
was supersaturated with respect to OHAp at time zero. After
the rinse with the citric acid the saturation level shifted to
undersaturation in all individuals except one. At 1 and 2 min
after the rinse the saliva was, on average, undersaturated.
After 5 min the average saturation level was back to
supersaturation. The individual differences were large. The
correlations between the rate of clearance of citric acid
during the 1 minute and the minimum degree of saturation with
respect to OHAp at 1,2 and 5 min after the rinse were
significant (r 0.84, r 0.76 and r 0.79, respectively). In
conclusion, rinsing with citric acid will cause a decrease in
the saturation level with respect to OHAp in a highly
individual pattern.
Site specificity of citric acid retention after an
oral rinse.
Bashir E; Gustavsson A; Lagerlof F
Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Karolinska
Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
Caries Res (Switzerland) 1995, 29 (6) p467-9
Erosion of the buccal incisor enamel, most frequent in the
upper jaw, has been associated with excessive oral exposure to
citric acid -containing foodstuffs. The aim of the study was
to determine the retention of citric acid at different sites
in the mouth after a standardized exposure. Thirty-four normal
subjects rinsed with 95.2 mmol/l (2%) citric acid, pH 2.1, for
5 s. At 1 min 55 s after the rinse a preweighed cotton pellet
was used to collect saliva samples from upper labial incisor
surfaces (UB), lower labial incisor surfaces (LB) and
sublingually (SL). The citric acid concentration was
determined enzymatically. The concentrations were (mean +/-
SD): 32.12 +/- 19.50, 11.90 +/- 8.60 and 1.52 +/- 1.90 mmol/l
in the saliva collected from the UB, LB and SL sites,
respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that the citric
acid concentration in the upper incisor site differed
significantly from that of the lower incisor site (p <
0.001) and the sublingual site (p < 0.001), and that the
lower incisor site differed significantly from the sublingual
site (p < 0.001). The individuals differed significantly
with respect to citric acid retention (p < 0.05). A
significant correlation was found between UB and LB sites (r =
0.61, p < 0.05).
The effect of ultrasonic irrigation before and
after citric acid treatment on collagen fibril exposure: an in
vitro SEM study.
Higashi T; Okamoto H
Department of Endodontology and Periodontology, Hiroshima
University School of Dentistry, Japan.
J Periodontol (United States) Oct 1995, 66 (10)
p887-91
The surface characteristics of periodontally diseased human
teeth after two treatments were compared both before and after
partial demineralization with citric acid . Thirteen teeth
were obtained from patients with advanced periodontal disease.
Three teeth were selected for control groups and 10 were used
for experimental groups. All diseased root surfaces were
identified and outlined. The roots were cut longitudinally
into two sections. They were then scaled and root planed and
the paired sections were separately classified into two
control or two experimental groups. Three sections in control
group 1 were rinsed by syringe with saline solution. The three
sections in control group 2 were treated with ultrasonic
irrigation. The 10 sections in experimental group 1 were
rinsed by syringe with saline solution before and after citric
acid application; the 10 sections in experimental group 2 were
irrigated ultrasonically before and after citric acid
application. The concentration of the citric acid was 25% (pH
1.62) and the immersion time was 3 minutes. The root samples
were examined by scanning electron microscope. A significant
amount of grinding debris covered on all the root surfaces in
control group 1, whereas smear was removed in control group 2.
The features of root surfaces of the two experimental groups
differed considerably. All specimens in experimental group 2
exhibited collagen fibrils exposed as a consequence of citric
acid etching. On the other hand, the smear layer was not
thoroughly removed from the root surface in experimental group
1, which meant that few collagen fibrils were exposed after
partial demineralization. From these results, ultrasonic
irrigation before and after citric acid application improves
exposure of collagen fibrils, which may be desirable for
clinical success in periodontal regenerative therapy.
Salivary clearance of citric acid after an oral
rinse.
Bashir E; Ekberg O; Lagerlof F
Division of Cariology, Center for Clinical Oral Science,
Huddinge, Sweden.
J Dent (England) Aug 1995, 23 (4) p209-12
OBJECTIVES: Citric acid clearance from the oral cavity may
be an important factor in the erosion of dental enamel. The
aim of the present study was to investigate the clearance
pattern of citric acid in normal subjects.
METHODS: After determination of the unstimulated salivary
flow rate and the residual volume of saliva after normal
swallowing, 12 subjects rinsed with 95.2 mmol l-1 citric acid
for 5 s. At 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min after the rinse a small
saliva sample was collected and the concentration of citric
acid was determined enzymatically. For each subject three
separate experiments on different occasions were performed
with a citric acid solution of pH 2.1 and one experiment with
a solution of pH 4.5.
RESULTS: The salivary citric acid concentration declined
biphasically: rapidly during the first 2 min, then more
slowly. The elimination rate over the first minute was on
average 87.7 mmol l-1 min-1 at pH 2.1 compared with 85.0 mmol
l-1 min-1 at pH 4.5. The difference between individuals
estimated from the areas under the clearance curve was
strongly significant (P < 0.001). No significant relation
was found neither between salivary flow rate and clearance,
nor between residual volume after swallowing and
clearance.
CONCLUSION: The clearance pattern of citric acid is an
individual property.
Comparison between 3 triclosan dentifrices on
plaque, gingivitis and salivary microflora.
Renvert S; Birkhed D
School of Dental Hygiene, University of Kristianstad,
Sweden.
J Clin Periodontol (Denmark) Jan 1995, 22 (1)
p63-70
3 triclosan-containing dentifrices were compared in a
6-month, unsupervised tooth brushing study. The effects on
plaque, gingival bleeding and certain salivary micro-organisms
(mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, total counts of
streptococci and total counts of micro-organisms) were
evaluated. 123 subjects were divided into 4 groups according
to severity of gingival bleeding index. 112 subjects completed
the study. Following a 4-week pre-experimental period, using a
sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice (placebo), the subjects
were assigned to use one of 3 triclosan-containing
dentifrices, available on the Swedish market: Colgate Paradent
(a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice) (n = 26); Pepsodent Gum
Health (a triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice) (n = 31);
Dentosal Friskt Tandkott (a triclosan/pyrophosphate
dentifrice) (n = 28); or to continue with the placebo (n =
27). The results revealed that Colgate Paradent reduced
baseline plaque values by 39% (Quigley and Hein) over the
6-month experimental period. The corresponding values for the
other modalities were: a reduction of 6% for Pepsodent Gum
Health, an increase of 5% for Dentosal Friskt Tandkott, and an
increase of 2% for placebo. A significant difference in the
plaque levels (p < 0.05) was found between Colgate Paradent
and Pepsodent Gum Health and between Colgate Paradent and
placebo. The gingival bleeding index was improved in all 4
groups. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was found with
respect to bleeding between Colgate Paradent and placebo (p
< 0.05) at the 3-month registration. A statistically
significant increase over time in total number of streptococci
and total colony forming units were found for the Dentosal,
Pepsodent and placebo groups, but not for Colgate.(ABSTRACT
TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Antimicrobial activity of Pelargonium essential
oils added to a quiche filling as a model food system.
Lis-Balchin M; Buchbauer G; Hirtenlehner T; Resch M
School of Applied Science, South Bank University, London, UK.
Lisbairnt@sbu.ac.uk
Lett Appl Microbiol (England) Oct 1998, 27 (4)
p207-10
Eight essential oils obtained by steam distillation from
the scented leaves of Pelargonium species and cultivars were
added at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm to a quiche filling, inoculated
with either Saccharomyces ludwigii or Zygosaccharomyces bailii
(at 10(8) cfu g-1), Salmonella enteriditis or Listeria innocua
(at 10(9) cfu g-1). The quiche fillings were then kept at 25
degrees C for 24 h and the residual number of micro-organisms
determined using the pour plate technique. There was an
effective antimicrobial activity by the Pelargonium essential
oils at 250 ppm, comparable with that of commercial thyme oil,
an excellent antimicrobial agent, against Saccharomyces
ludwigii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and a lesser inhibition
compared with commercial thyme against Salm, enteriditis.
There was a greater diversity of activity against L. innocua,
which was in some cases more effective than commercial thyme
oil . At 500 ppm, there was a greatly increased inhibition of
microbial growth using the Pelargonium essential oils, which
was comparable with that of commercial thyme, clove, geranium
and coriander oils. As there is no evidence for the toxicity
of any of these novel Pelargonium oils, and their odour does
not make the delicately flavoured quiche filling unpalatable,
there is a strong potential for their use in food
processing.
Factors that interact with the antibacterial action
of thyme essential oil and its active constituents.
Juven BJ; Kanner J; Schved F; Weisslowicz H
Institute of Technology and Storage of Agricultural Products,
Volcani Centre, Bet Dagan, Israel.
J Appl Bacteriol (England) Jun 1994, 76 (6)
p626-31
The viable counts of Salmonella typhimurium on nutrient
agar (NA) decreased upon the addition of either the essential
oil of thyme or its constituent thymol, especially under
anaerobic conditions. Antagonistic effects of thymol against
Staphylococcus aureus were also greater under anaerobic
conditions. In contrast to the phenolic constituents of the
oil, thymol and carvacrol, the chemically related terpenes
p-cymene and gamma-terpinene had no antagonistic effects
against Salm. typhimurium. The addition of Desferal to NA
counteracted the antibacterial effects of both thyme oil and
thymol. No support was obtained, however, for a possible role
of iron in the oxygen-related antibacterial action of the
thyme oil and thymol or for the observed effect of Desferal.
In the presence of thymol, the viable counts of Salm.
typhimurium obtained on a minimal medium (MM) were lower than
those obtained on NA. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA)
neutralized the antibacterial action of thymol. It is
suggested that the effects of BSA or Desferal are due to their
ability to bind phenolic compounds through their amino and
hydroxylamine groups, respectively, thus preventing
complexation reactions between the oil phenolic constituents
and bacterial membrane proteins. This hypothesis is supported
by the marked decrease in the viable counts of Salm.
typhimurium caused by either thyme oil or thymol when the pH
of the medium was changed from 6.5 to 5.5 or the concentration
of Tween 80 in the medium was reduced.
The comparative clinical efficacy of
pyrophosphate/triclosan, copolymer/triclosan and zinc
citrate/triclosan dentifrices for the reduction of
supragingival calculus formation
Fairbrother KJ, Kowolik MJ, Curzon ME, Muller I, McKeown S,
Hill CM, Hannigan C, Bartizek RD, White DJ
Procter and Gamble Company, USA.
J Clin Dent 1997;8(2 Spec No):62-6
Three triclosan-containing 'multi-benefit' dentifrices were
compared for clinical efficacy in reducing supragingival
calculus formation following a dental prophylaxis. A total of
544 subjects completed a double-blind parallel-group clinical
study using the Volpe-Manhold Index (VMI) to record severity
and occurrence of supragingival calculus. The study design
included a pre-test period where the calculus formation rate
was measured in subjects brushing with a placebo dentifrice.
Following a prophylaxis, subjects were stratified for age,
gender and VMI scores and assigned to one of four treatments:
1) a dentifrice containing 5.0% soluble pyrophosphate/0.145%
fluoride as NaF/silica abrasive/0.28% triclosan (hereafter
PPi/TCS - comparable to Crest (R) Complete dentifrice, Procter
and Gamble, UK); 2) a commercial dentifrice containing 2.0%
Gantrez(TM) acid copolymer/0.145% fluoride as NaF/silica
abrasive/0.30% triclosan (hereafter Gan/TCS - Colgate (R)
Total dentifrice, Colgate-Palmolive Company, UK); 3) a
commercial dentifrice containing 0.5% zinc citrate
trihydrate/0.15% fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate/silica
abrasive/0.20% triclosan (hereafter Zn/TCS - Mentadent (R) P
dentifrice, Unilever, UK); and 4) a control dentifrice
comprised of 0.145% fluoride as NaF/silica abrasive (hereafter
Control). Subjects were instructed to use their assigned
dentifrice at least twice per day and to brush as they do
normally. Supragingival calculus formation was assessed at two
and four months using site-specific and whole-mouth VMI
indices for both calculus severity and occurrence. Following
four months of use, the PPi/TCS dentifrice provided
statistically significant reductions in calculus severity
(22-23%) and occurrence (15%) as compared with the Control
dentifrice. The Zn/TCS dentifrice also provided significant
reductions in calculus severity (17-19%) and occurrence
(12-13%) as compared with the Control. The Gan/TCS produced no
statistically significant reductions in calculus formation
(occurrence or severity) compared with the Control. The
PPi/TCS dentifrice provided statistically significant
reductions in calculus severity (15-21%) and occurrence
(12-16%) as compared with the Gan/TCS dentifrice. These
results support the clinical effectiveness of PPi/TCS and
Zn/TCS dentifrices for the reduction of supragingival dental
calculus formation following a dental prophylaxis.
Vitamin-C, oral scurvy and periodontal
disease.
Touyz LZ
S Afr Med J 1984 May 26;65(21):838-42
Scurvy and periodontitis both manifest gingival bleeding
but constitute separate entities. Defective collagen in scurvy
reflects many symptoms emanating from deficient Vitamin-C
physiology. The various periodontal diseases are caused by
oral plaque micro-organisms, the body's reaction to which is
strongly influenced by inadequate functioning of leucocytes
and monocytes. Although certain infections and systemic
diseases cause gingival bleeding, avitaminosis C does not
cause commonly encountered periodontal disease, but will
aggravate established periodontitis. Vitamin-C should not be
used for prophylaxis or cure of periodontitis in healthy
well-nourished individuals. A patient with bleeding gingivae
warrants referral to oral medicine and periodontics
specialists for examination and treatment. (64 Refs.)
[Anticalculus dentifrices. A new era in preventive
dentistry?]
Collys K; Slop D; Coomans D
Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 1989 Dec;96(12):554-8.
Anticalculus toothpastes are available on the market.
Toothpastes with Zinc compounds interfere mainly with the
plaque formation. Dentifrices containing pyrophosphate give
the highest reductions in calculus formation. The inclusion of
pyrophosphate in a fluoride containing dentifrice did not
interfere with the cariostatic action of fluoride on tooth
enamel. The influence of anticalculus dentifrices on root
caries and root hypersensitivity are, so far, not documented.
Fundamentally, a lot of doubt still exists about the precise
role of supragingival calculus formation in the onset of
periodontal disease.
Effect of tea polyphenols on glucan synthesis by
glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans.
Hattori M, Kusumoto IT, Namba T, Ishigami T, Hara Y
Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Medical and
Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990 Mar;38(3):717-20
In the course of our studies on the development of
anti-plaque agents for prevention of dental caries, we
investigated effects of some of tea preparations and their
individual components on the glucan synthesis catalyzed by
glucosyltransferase (GTF) from Streptococcus mutans. Extracts
of green tea and black tea, and polyphenol mixtures showed
appreciable inhibition in the synthesis of insoluble glucan.
Among the components isolated from tea infusions, theaflavin
and its mono- and digallates had potent inhibitory activities
at concentrations of 1-10 mM against GTF. (+)-Catechin,
(-)-epicatechin and their enantiomers had moderate inhibitory
activities at these concentrations, while galloyl esters of
(-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-gallocatechin
had increased inhibitory activities. Study on feasibility of
Chinese green tea polyphenols (CTP) for preventing dental
caries]
[Study on feasibility of Chinese green tea
polyphenols (CTP) for preventing dental caries].
You SQ
Department of Stomatology, Ning bo First Hospital.
Chung Hua Kou Chiang Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Jul;28(4):197-9,
254
This study demonstrated that streptococcus mutans could be
inhibited completely after contacted with 0.1% CTP for 5
minutes. There were no drug resistance after repeat cultures
in 0.025% CTP. Plaque Index and Gingival Index decreased
significantly (P < 0.001) after 0.2% CTP were used to rinse
and brush the teeth. Results proved that CTP is an effective
agent to prevent dental caries.
[Management of gingival inflammation with active
ingredients in toothpaste]
Lange DE; Lubbert H; Omid A
Dtsch Zahnarztl Z (Germany, West) Jun 1975, 30 (6)
p382-4
In order to study the effect of active additives in
toothpastes, three different toothpastes were tested in 60
persons for a period of four weeks.
Evidence for enhanced treatment of periodontal
disease by therapy with coenzyme Q.
Matsumura T; Saji S; Nakamura R; Folkers K
Int J Vitam Nutr Res (Switzerland) Apr 1973, 43 (4)
p537-48
No abstract.
Zinc in etiology of periodontal disease.
Polenik P
Med Hypotheses (England) Mar Stomatological Clinic, Medical
1993, 40 (3) p182-5
Microbial plaque is the main etiological factor of
periodontal disease. The bacterial polysaccharides stimulate
gingival neutrophils and macrophages to interleukin-1 (IL-1)
production. IL-1 causes a complex of redistribution processes
with liver as the central organ. Accumulation of zinc in liver
and their copper and ceruloplasmin production also elicits
increase of copper and decrease of zinc in gingiva. The
elevated level of copper in connection with zinc deficiency in
gingiva causes the increase of permeability of gingival
epithelium for bacteria. The stimulated inflammatory
infiltrate produces more IL-1 and the vicious circle is
complete.
Diabetes and periodontal diseases. Possible role of
Vitamin-C deficiency: an hypothesis.
Aleo JJ
J Periodontol (United States) May 1981, 52 (5)
p251-4
An hypothesis is proposed relating the possible role of
vitamin deficiency as an etiologic factor contributing to
periodontal disease in diabetes. The hypothesis is based upon
the following:
(1) transport of ascorbate across cell membranes may be
impaired by glucose, but facilitated by insulin;
(2) glucose utilization is significantly accelerated by
sublethal concentrations of endotoxin;
(3) endotoxin-induced histamine sensitivity of tissue is
enhanced by a scorbic deficiency; and
(4) ascorbic acid deficiency alters mucosal barrier
function. The interrelationship of these factors is
discussed.
Relationship of mineral status and intake to
periodontal disease.
Freeland JH; Cousins RJ; Schwartz R
Am J Clin Nutr 1976 Jul;29(7):745-9
A periodontal index (PI), based on visual and radiographic
data, was used to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease
in a group of 80 dental patients. The average PI was 3.1 +/-
1.8 SD (0=no detectable lesions, 8=most severe lesions). The
PI was directly related to patient age (r=0.73; P is less than
0.01). The serum concentration of calcium copper, iron,
magnesium, manganese, and zinc was measured. Regression of PI
on the serum constituents demonstrated that serum copper was
linearly related (r-0.64; P is less than 0.001) to the PI. The
other serum parameters were not correlated to the PI. Dietary
protein, calcium, and vitamin A were slightly related to the
PI, based on a 24-hr dietary recall. Dietary trace elements
were not related to the PI. These results indicate that the
serum copper concentration, in some way is related to the
severity of periodontal disease. Possibly the observation is
linked to the role of copper in the inflammatory response
since inflammation is a characteristic of periodontal
disease.
Comparative in vitro activity of sanguinarine
against oral microbial isolates.
Dzink JL, Socransky SS
Department of Periodontology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985 Apr;27(4):663-5
MICs of sanguinarine were determined for 52 oral reference
strains and 129 fresh isolates from human dental plaque.
Sanguinarine was found to completely inhibit the growth of 98%
of the isolates at a concentration of 16,ug/ml.
REFERENCES
1. Dzink JL Socransk SS Carine against oral microbal
isolates. Antiplaque Agents Chemother 1985;27:663-665
2. Babu JP, Waring MB Lyne SM, et al : Anti plaque activity
of a sanguinaria-cotaning oral rise-an in vitro study.
Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 1984: Suppl 5
:s94-s97
3. Klewsky P, Vernier D: Sanguinarine and the control of
plague in dental practice. Compendium of Continuing Education
in Dentistry 1984: Suppl 5: s94-s97
4. Hannan JJ, Johnson J, Kuftinec MM : Long term clinical
evaluation of sanguinaria tooth paste and oral rinse
controlling plaque, gingivitas, and sulcular bleeding during
orthodontist treatment . J Dent Res 1988;67:572
Clinical efficacy of a dentifrice and oral rinse
containing sanguinaria extract and zinc chloride during 6
months of use.
Harper DS, Mueller LJ, Fine JB, Gordon J, Laster LL
Fairleigh-Dickinson University, Oral Health Research Center,
Hackensack, NJ.
J Periodontol 1990 Jun;61(6):352-8
The efficacy of combined use of toothpaste and oral rinse
containing sanguinaria extract and zinc chloride was compared
to placebo products in a 6-month clinical trial. Sixty
subjects with moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis were
randomly assigned to active and placebo groups. Noninvasive
measures of plaque and gingivitis were assessed at baseline
and at 2, 6, 8, 14, 20, and 28 weeks. Bleeding on probing was
measured at baseline and 6, 14, and 28 weeks. Active group
scores were significantly lower (P less than .0001) than
placebo scores at each post-baseline time point for all
indices, with the exception of plaque at 2 weeks. The 28 week
active group scores were 21% lower than the placebo group for
plaque, 25% lower for gingivitis, and 43% lower for bleeding
on probing. No dental staining or taste alteration was
reported in the active group. Three of 30 active group
subjects exhibited minor soft tissue irritations that resolved
spontaneously without discontinuation of product use. Results
indicate that the test products showed good levels of safety
and efficacy when administered in a combined use regimen for 6
months.
Clinical effect of a sanguinaria dentifrice on
plaque and gingivitis in adults.
Mallatt ME, Beiswanger BB, Drook CA, Stookey GK, Jackson RD,
Bricker SL
Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research
Institute, Indianapolis.
J Periodontol 1989 Feb;60(2):91-5
A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a
sanguinaria-zinc chloride dentifrice on the prevention of
plaque formation and gingivitis. A total of 59 young adults,
18 to 30 years of age, either performed supervised brushing
with a 0.075% sanguinaria-0.05% zinc chloride dentifrice, a
0.24% sodium fluoride dentifrice, or rinsed daily with a 0.05%
NaF solution. Clinical evaluations for plaque and gingivitis
were performed after 7, 14, and 21 days of the test regimen.
After 21 days, all subjects resumed twice daily supervised
brushing and flossing and post-test evaluations were conducted
after two weeks. The results showed that after 7, 14, and 21
days both groups using dentifrices had significantly less
plaque and gingivitis than the group using the rinse, and
there were no significant differences between the two groups
using either the sanguinaria-ZnCl2 or the NaF dentifrices.
Supplementation or local application may reduce
gingival exudate from inflammed and infected gums - which
suggests improved tissue health. (Folate mouthwash appears to
be more effective than oral folate.)
J Clin Periodontol 14(6):315-9, 1987
Experimental Double-blind Study: 60 pts with visible
gingivitis rinsed for I min. twice daily with either 5 ml of
0.1% folate solution (1 mg/ml) or a placebo. After 4 wks., the
folate 8p. was significantly improved compared to the placebo
group. Dietary folate did not correlate with treatment
results, suggesting a local effect (Pack ARC. Folate
mouthwash: Effects on established gingivitis in periodontal
patients. J Clin Periodontol 11:619-28, 1984).
Experimental Double-blind Study: 30 women in their 32nd wk.
of pregnancy randomly received either placebo mouthwash and
placebo tablets (Gp. A), placebo mouthwash 1 min. twice daily
and folate 5 mg/d (Gp. B), or a 1% folate mouthwash and
placebo tablets (Gp. C). After 28 days, folate levels
increased signif~cantly in Gps. B and C. Gp. C showed a highly
significant improvement in a gingival index despite no
significant changes in a plaque index (p<0.01) while there
were no significant changes in Gps. A or B (Thomson ME, Pack
ARC. Effects of extended systemic and topical folate
supplementation on gingivitis of pregnancy. J Clin periodontal
9(3):27580, 1982).
Experimental Double-blind Study: 30 women in their 4th or
8th mot of pregnancy randomly received either placebo
mouthwash 1 min. twice daily and placebo tablets (Gp. A),
placebo mouthwash and folate 5 mg/d (Gp. B), or 1% folate
mouthwash and placebo tablets (Gp. C). The gingival index
tended to increase throughout pregnancy in all gas. except Gp
C, for whom there was a highly significant improvement in the
8th mot despite no change in plaque index. Compared to Gps. A
and B, dietary intake of folate was significantly higher in
Gp. C in the 8th mot (p<O.Ol) (Pack ARC, Thomson ME.
Effects of topical and systemic folic acid supplementation on
gingivitis in pregnancy. J Clin Periodontol 7(5):402-14,
1980).
Experimental Double-blind Study: 30 pts. with normal
fasting blood folate levels rinsed their mouths daily with 5
cc of a 1 mg/cc folate solution or placebo. After 60 days,
experimental subjects showed significant improvement in
gingival health compare to controls (Vogel Rl et al. The
effect of topical application of folic acid on gingival
health. J Oral Med 33(1):20-22,1978).
Experimental Study: Contraceptive users with normal plasma
folate levels demonstrated improved gingival health after
receiving supplementation with folic acid 4 mg/d for 60 days
(Vogel Rl et al. J Prev Dent 6:221, 1980).
Experimental Double-blind Study: 30 ptS. ingested either
folic acid 2 mg twice daily or placebo. After 30 days, based
on plaque and gingival indices, folic acid supplementation
appeared to increase the resistance of the gingiva to local
irritants leading to a reduction in inflammation. Plasma
folate levels, which were normal, were unaffected by
supplementation (Vogel Rl e' al. The effect of folic acid on
gingival health. J periodontol 47(11):667-8, 1976)
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