Raynaud's Syndrome
References
Adee AC. Managing Raynaud's phenomenon: a practical approach. Am Family Physician. 1993;47(4):823-9.
AF. Scleroderma. 2004. Atlanta, Ga: Arthritis Foundation. Available at: http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/scleroderma.asp. Accessed May 25, 2005.
AS. Raynaud’s phenomenon. March 29, 2005. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Arthritis Society. Available at:
http://www.arthritis.ca/types%20of%20arthritis/raynauds%20phenomenon/default.asp?s=1. Accessed May 25, 2005.
Awami M, Schillinger M, et al. Low level laser therapy for treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Vasa. 2004a Feb;33(1):25-9.
Awami M, Schillinger M, et al. Vasospasm of the scrotum: a manifestation of Raynaud’s phenomenon? Vasa. 2004b May;33(2):87-8.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind study. Thromb Haemost. 1985 Aug 30;54(2):490-4.
Bornmyr S, Castenfors J, et al. Effect of local cold provocation on systolic blood pressure and skin blood flow in the finger. Clin Physiol. 2001 Sep;21(5):570.
Browne BJ, Jotte RS, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon in the emergency department. J Emer Med. 1995;13(3):369-78.
Cleveland Clinic. Raynaud's phenomenon. 2005. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Available at: http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/vascular/raynauds.htm. Accessed May 26, 2005.
DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, et al. Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study. Am J Med. 1989 Feb;86(2):158-64.
Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B, Zalewska A, et al. Duration of Raynaud’s phenomenon is negatively correlated with serum levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10), soluble receptor of interleukin 2 (sIL2R), and sFas in systemic sclerosis patients. Med Sci Monit. 2004 May;10(5):CR202-8.
Flatt AE. Digital artery sympathectomy. J Hand Surg. 1980 Nov;5(6):550-6.
Freedman RR. Quantitative measurements of finger blood flow during behavioral treatments for Raynaud's disease. Psychophysiology. 1989 Jul;26(4):437-41.
Freedman RR, Baer RP, et al. Blockage of vasospastic attacks by alpha 2-adrenergic but not alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists in idiopathic Raynaud’s disease. Circulation. 1995 Sept 15;92(6):1448-51.
Freedman RR, Sabharwal SC, et al. Nonneural beta-adrenergic vasodilating mechanism in temperature biofeedback. Psychosom Med. 1988 Jul-Aug;50(4): 394-401.
Furspan PB, Chatterjee S. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling-induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaud’s disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1578-85.
Generini S, Seibold JR, et al. Estrogens and neuropeptides in Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Feb;31(1):177-86, x-xi.
Gocke N, Keaney JF Jr, et al. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1999 Jun 29;99(25):3234-40.
Golf SW, Bender S, et al. On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998 Sep;12(2):197-202.
Grassi W, De Angelis R, et al. Clinical diagnosis found in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a multicentre study. Rheumatol Int. 1998;18(1):17-20.
Herrick AL, Rieley F, et al. Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1994 Aug;21(8):1477-83.
Hirschl M, Katzenschlager R, et al. Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon: results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study. J Rheumatol. 2004 Dec;31(12):2408-12.
Ho M, Belch JJF. Raynaud's phenomenon: state of the art 1998. Scand J Rheumatol. 1998;27(5):319-22.
Holti G. An experimentally controlled evaluation of the effect of inositol nicotinate upon the digital blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. J Int Med Res. 1979;7(6):473-83.
ISN. Raynaud’s. 2005. Edina, Minn: International Scleroderma Network. Available at: http://www.sclero.org/medical/symptoms/raynauds/a-to-z.html. Accessed May 25, 2005.
Keefe FJ, Surwit RS, et al. Biofeedback, autogenic training, and progressive relaxation in the treatment of Raynaud's disease: a comparative study. J Appl Behav Anal. 1980 Spring;13(1):3-11.
Lavery JP, Lisse JR. Raynaud's phenomenon. In: Taylor RB, ed. Difficult Diagnosis. Vol 2. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1992:386-91.
Leppert J, Aberg H, et al. The concentration of magnesium in erythrocytes in female patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon: fluctuation with the time of year. Angiology. 1994 Apr;45(4):283-8.
Matoba T, Kusumoto H, et al. Comparative double blind trial of dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate on vibration disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1977 Sep;123(1):67-75.
Merck Manual. Raynaud's disease and phenomenon: peripheral vascular disorders. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 2005. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section16/chapter212/212d.jsp. Accessed May 25, 2005.
Muir AH, Robb R, et al. The use of ginkgo biloba in Raynaud’s disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Vasc Med. 2002;7(4):265-7.
Murphy R. The effect of inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a placebo-controlled study. Clin Trials J. 1985;22(6):521-9.
Nakamura H, Matsuzaki I, et al. Blood endothelin-1 and cold-induced vasodilation in patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and workers with vibration-induced white finger. Int Angiol. 2003 Sep;22(3):243-9.
NIAMS. Questions and answers about Raynaud’s phenomenon. NIH publication 01-4911. May 2001. Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculosketal Skin Diseases. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/raynaud/ar125fs.htm. Accessed May 25, 2005.
Pistorius MA, Planchon B. Diagnostic importance of digital topographic assessment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a prospective study of a population of 522 patients [in French]. J Mal Vasc. 1995;20(1):14-20.
Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, et al. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2003a Jul;48(7):1992-2000.
Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, et al. Effects of cilostazol in patients with Raynaud’s syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003b Dec 1;92(11):1310-5.
Rembold C, Ayers C. Oral L-arginine can reverse digital necrosis in Raynaud’s phenomenon. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb;244(1-2):139-41.
Ring EF, Bacon PA. Quantitative thermographic assessment of inositol nicotinate therapy in Raynaud's phenomena. J Int Med Res. 1977;5(4):217-22.
Salsano F, Litizia C, et al. Significant changes of peripheral perfusion and plasma adrenomedullin levels in N-acetylcysteine long term treatment of patients with sclerodermic Raynauds phenomenon. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005 Oct-Dec;18(4):761-70.
Sambo P, Amico D, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a pilot study. J Rheumatol. 2001 Oct;28(10):2257-62.
Sappington JT, Fiorito EM. Thermal feedback in Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term remission of target symptoms. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1985 Dec;10(4):335-41.
Schlez A, Hafner HM, et al. Systemic scleroderma patients have improved skin perfusion after the transdermal application of PGE1 ethyl ester. Vasa. 2003 May;32(2):83-6.
Shagan BP, Friedman SA. Raynaud's phenomenon in hypothyroidism. Angiology. 1976 Jan;27(1):19-25.
Shils ME. Magnesium. In: Shils M, Olson JA, et al, eds. Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:169-92.
Simonini G, Pignone A, et al. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Toxicology. 2000 Nov 30;155(1-3):1-15.
Thompson AE, Shea B, et al. Calcium-channel blockers for Raynaud's phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1841-7.
Traber MG. Vitamin E. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, et al, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins, 1999:347-62.
Yale. Raynaud's disease. September 1, 2004. Yale New Haven Health/Healthnotes. Available at: http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/library/healthguide/en-us/Cam/topic.asp?hwid=hn-1254008. Accessed May 27, 2005.
Ziegler S, Brunner M, et al. Long-term outcome of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and its conversion to connective tissue disease: a 12-year retrospective analysis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2003;32(6):343-7.