Life Extension
Life Extension years of history

Life Extension is a global authority on health, wellness and nutrition

as well as a provider of scientific information on anti-aging therapies. We supply only the highest quality nutritional supplements, including minerals, herbs, hormones and vitamins.

Access your account today: Login        Learn about our membership benefits

translation by SYSTRAN  
Final Clearance Sale - Save 60-80%
 

Cerebral Vascular Disease
Updated: 07/29/2004

References

Adachi H, Hirai Y, Tsuruta M, et al. Is insulin resistance or diabetes mellitus associated with stroke? An 18-year follow-up study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):215-23.

Adams HP, Jr., Brott TG, Furlan AJ, et al. Guidelines for Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Stroke: a Supplement to the Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1996 Sep;27(9):1711-8.

Ahmed N, Nasman P, Wahlgren NG. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke. 2000 Jun;31(6):1250-5.

Albers GW. Antithrombotic agents in cerebral ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Feb 23;75(6):34B-8B.

Alberts MJ, Bertels C, Dawson DV. An analysis of time of presentation after stroke. JAMA. 1990 Jan 5;263(1):65-8.

Alberts MJ. tPA in acute ischemic stroke: United States experience and issues for the future. Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3 Suppl 3):S53-S55.

Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium and calcium in alcohol-induced hypertension and strokes as probed by in vivo television microscopy, digital image microscopy, optical spectroscopy, 31P-NMR, spectroscopy and a unique magnesium ion-selective electrode. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994 Oct;18(5):1057-68.

Altura BM, Altura BT. Association of alcohol in brain injury, headaches, and stroke with brain-tissue and serum levels of ionized magnesium: a review of recent findings and mechanisms of action. Alcohol. 1999 Oct;19(2):119-30.

Amin-Hanjani S, Stagliano NE, Yamada M, et al. Mevastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, reduces stroke damage and upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in mice. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):980-6.

Andersen M, Overgaard K, Meden P, et al. Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model. Stroke. 1999 Jul;30(7):1464-71.

Aronowski J, Strong R, Grotta JC. Citicoline for treatment of experimental focal ischemia: histologic and behavioral outcome. Neurol Res. 1996 Dec;18(6):570-4.

Arruzazabala ML, Valdes S, Mas R, et al. Comparative study of policosanol, aspirin and the combination therapy policosanol-aspirin on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res. 1997 Oct;36(4):293-7.

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, et al. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1198-204.

Babu AN, Cheng TP, Zhang A, et al. Low concentrations of ethanol deplete type-2 astrocytes of intracellular free magnesium. Brain Res Bull. 1999 Sep 1;50(1):59-62.

Balestreri R, Fontana L, Astengo F. A double-blind placebo controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vinpocetine in the treatment of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987 May;35(5):425-30.

Barrett-Connor E, Von Muhlen DG, Kritz-Silverstein D. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Feb;84(2):573-7.

Bath PM, Pathansali R, Iddenden R, et al. The effect of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, on blood pressure and platelet function in acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11(3):265-72.

Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, et al. Dietary potassium intake and risk of stroke in US men and women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic follow-up study. Stroke. 2001 Jul;32(7):1473-80.

Beamer NB, Coull BM, Clark WM, et al. Persistent inflammatory response in stroke survivors. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6):1722-8.

Beisiegel U, Niendorf A, Wolf K, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in the arterial wall. Eur Heart J. 1990 Aug;11 Suppl E:174-83.

Belch J, McLaren M, Hanslip J, et al. The white blood cell and plasma fibrinogen in thrombotic stroke. A significant correlation. Int Angiol. 1998 Jun;17(2):120-4.

Bell KM, Plon L, Bunney WE, Jr., et al. S-adenosylmethionine treatment of depression: a controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;145(9):1110-4.

Bereczki D, Fekete I, Loof I, et al. Cations of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid in humans and the effect of different doses of nimodipine on CSF calcium after stroke. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000 Nov;23(6):318-23.

Blazso G, Gabor M, Rohdewald P. Antiinflammatory activities of procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral and cutaneous application. Pharmazie. 1997 May;52(5):380-2.

Boden-Albala B, Sacco RL. Lifestyle factors and stroke risk: exercise, alcohol, diet, obesity, smoking, drug use, and stress. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2000 Mar;2(2):160-6.

Bordia AK. The effect of vitamin C on blood lipids, fibrinolytic activity and platelet adhesiveness in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1980 Feb;35(2):181-7.

Boudouresques AB. Therapeutic conduct in light of a cerebral vascular accident and the use of CDP-choline.1980.

Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):415-21.

Broderick JPAHPBW. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997;(28):1-5.

Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997 Jan;28(1):1-5.

Bubenik GA, Blask DE, Brown GM, et al. Prospects of the clinical utilization of melatonin. Biol Signals Recept. 1998 Jul;7(4):195-219.

Carbajal D, Arruzazabala ML, Mas R, et al. Effect of policosanol on experimental thrombosis models. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1994 May;50(5):249-51.

Carbajal D, Arruzazabala ML, Valdes S, et al. Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation and serum levels of arachidonic acid metabolites in healthy volunteers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Jan;58(1):61-4.

Cash D, Beech JS, Rayne RC, et al. Neuroprotective effect of aminoguanidine on transient focal ischaemia in the rat brain. Brain Res. 2001 Jun 29;905(1-2):91-103.

Castano G, Mas R, Arruzazabala ML, et al. Effects of policosanol and pravastatin on lipid profile, platelet aggregation and endothelemia in older hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1999;19(4):105-16.

CASTCG. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9066):1641-9.

Castillo J, Rama R, Davalos A. Nitric oxide-related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2000 Apr;31(4):852-7.

Ceriello A, Bortolotti N, Pirisi M, et al. Total plasma antioxidant capacity predicts thrombosis-prone status in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1997 Oct;20(10):1589-93.

Cherrier MM, Asthana S, Plymate S, et al. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology. 2001 Jul 10;57(1):80-8.

Chua HC, Ng PY. Neuroprotection in acute stroke. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2001 Mar;30(2):134-42.

Clark WM, Warach SJ, Pettigrew LC, et al. A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group. Neurology. 1997 Sep;49(3):671-8.

Clark WM, Williams BJ, Selzer KA, et al. A randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999 Dec;30(12):2592-7.

Clark WM, Rinker LG, Lessov NS, et al. Efficacy of antioxidant therapies in transient focal ischemia in mice. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):1000-4.

Clark WMG-RL. Citicoline treatment for experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Stroke. 1998;29(10):2136-40.

Cockroft KM, Meistrell M, III, Zimmerman GA, et al. Cerebroprotective effects of aminoguanidine in a rodent model of stroke. Stroke. 1996 Aug;27(8):1393-8.

Corea F, Henon H, Pasquier F, et al. Silent infarcts in stroke patients: patient characteristics and effect on 2-year outcome. J Neurol. 2001 Apr;248(4):271-8.

Corso AAM. CDP-choline for cerebrovascular disorders: clinical evaluation and evaluation of electrophysiological symptomology. Clin Ter. 1982;(102):379-86.

Cramer SC, Nelles G, Benson RR, et al. A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke. Stroke. 1997 Dec;28(12):2518-27.

Crespo N, Illnait J, Mas R, et al. Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol and lovastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1999;19(4):117-27.

Culebras A, Miller M. Dissociated patterns of nocturnal prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone secretion after stroke. Neurology. 1984 May;34(5):631-6.

D'Orlando KJ, Sandage BW, Jr. Citicoline (CDP-choline): mechanisms of action and effects in ischemic brain injury. Neurol Res. 1995 Aug;17(4):281-4.

Davalos A, Castillo J, Martinez-Vila E. Delay in neurological attention and stroke outcome. Cerebrovascular Diseases Study Group of the Spanish Society of Neurology. Stroke. 1995 Dec;26(12):2233-7.

Day RO, Graham GG, Bieri D, et al. Concentration-response relationships for salicylate-induced ototoxicity in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989 Dec;28(6):695-702.

De Deyn PP, Reuck JD, Deberdt W, et al. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with piracetam. Members of the Piracetam in Acute Stroke Study (PASS) Group. Stroke. 1997 Dec;28(12):2347-52.

De Reuck J, Van Vleymen B. The clinical safety of high-dose piracetam--its use in the treatment of acute stroke. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 Mar;32 Suppl 1:33-7.

DeCarli C, Miller BL, Swan GE, et al. Predictors of brain morphology for the men of the NHLBI twin study. Stroke. 1999 Mar;30(3):529-36.

Di Napoli M, Papa F, Bocola V. C-reactive protein in ischemic stroke: an independent prognostic factor. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):917-24.

Fassbender K, Fatar M, Ragoschke A, et al. Subacute but not acute generation of nitric oxide in focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2000 Sep;31(9):2208-11.

Feigin VL, Doronin BM, Popova TF, et al. Vinpocetine treatment in acute ischaemic stroke: a pilot single-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur J Neurol. 2001 Jan;8(1):81-5.

Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E. Pregnenolone sulfate enhances post-training memory processes when injected in very low doses into limbic system structures: the amygdala is by far the most sensitive. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Nov 7;92(23):10806-10.

Furberg CD. Natural statins and stroke risk. Circulation. 1999 Jan 19;99(2):185-8.

Ganong WF. Review of Medical Physiology.1995.

Garg RK, Nag D, Agrawal A. A double blind placebo controlled trial of ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral ischaemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 Nov;43(11):760-3.

Gillum RF. Stroke mortality in blacks. Disturbing trends. Stroke. 1999 Aug;30(8):1711-5.

Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001 Jan 2;103(1):163-82.

Goyas JY. . Results after 90 days of stroke treatment with CDP-choline, concerning a double blind test.1980.

Grzegorczyk K, Rutkowski M, Drozda R. [Vitamin C in treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases]. Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2001 Feb;10(56):122-5.

Hankey GJ, Sudlow CL, Dunbabin DW. Thienopyridine derivatives (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001246.

Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Homocysteine levels in patients with stroke: clinical relevance and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):437-43.

Hesselink JR, Healy ME, Dunn WM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of hemorrhagic cerebral infarction. Acta Radiol Suppl. 1986;369:46-8.

Hindmarch I, Fuchs HH, Erzigkeit H. Efficacy and tolerance of vinpocetine in ambulant patients suffering from mild to moderate organic psychosyndromes. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;6(1):31-43.

Hong SJ, Hwang JH. Reduction of neuronal damage in ischemic stroke using a combination therapy of TMB-8 with L-arginine. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2000 Apr;16(4):170-80.

Horning MS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine. Brain Res. 2000 Jan 3;852(1):56-61.

Hsiang JN, Zhu XL, Wong LK, et al. Putaminal and thalamic hemorrhage in ethnic chinese living in Hong Kong. Surg Neurol. 1996 Nov;46(5):441-5.

Huang J, Agus DB, Winfree CJ, et al. Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25;98(20):11720-4.

Huang SS, Tsai MC, Chih CL, et al. Resveratrol reduction of infarct size in Long-Evans rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Life Sci. 2001 Jul 20;69(9):1057-65.

Hwang DH, Chanmugam PS, Ryan DH, et al. Does vegetable oil attenuate the beneficial effects of fish oil in reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jul;66(1):89-96.

Ikeda K, Nara Y, Tagami M, et al. Nitric oxide deficiency induces myocardial infarction in hypercholesterolaemic stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997 May;24(5):344-8.

Ikonomidis I, Andreotti F, Economou E, et al. Increased proinflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic stable angina and their reduction by aspirin. Circulation. 1999 Aug 24;100(8):793-8.

Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl SA, et al. Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: which aspects are most important? Stroke. 1999 May;30(5):917-23.

Investigators ESPS. Secondary stroke prevention with low-dose aspirin, sustained release dipyridamole alone and in combination. ESPS Investigators. European Stroke Prevention Study. Thromb Res. 1998;(92(1, Suppl. 1)):s1-s6.

Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke. 1999 Sep;30(9):1772-9.

Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, et al. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. JAMA. 2001 Jan 17;285(3):304-12.

IST. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomized trial of aspirin, heparin, both or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997;349(9065):1569-81.

Jeppesen LL, Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, et al. Decreased serum testosterone in men with acute ischemic stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996 Jun;16(6):749-54.

Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA. 1999 Oct 6;282(13):1233-9.

Kagan BL, Sultzer DL, Rosenlicht N, et al. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1990 May;147(5):591-5.

Kakuda T, Yanase H, Utsunomiya K, et al. Protective effect of gamma-glutamylethylamide (theanine) on ischemic delayed neuronal death in gerbils. Neurosci Lett. 2000 Aug 11;289(3):189-92.

Karibe H, Niizuma H, Ohyama H, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: hospital based case-control study. J Clin Neurosci. 2001 Sep;8(5):423-5.

Katayama Y, Shimizu J, Memezawa H, et al. [Effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on experimental cerebral ischemia]. No To Shinkei. 1985 Mar;37(3):243-7.

Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, et al. Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 21;343(25):1826-32.

Kessler J, Thiel A, Karbe H, et al. Piracetam improves activated blood flow and facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients. Stroke. 2000 Sep;31(9):2112-6.

Khaw KTWP. Infection, hemostatic factors and cardiovascular disease. Fibrinolysis Proteolysis. 1997;(11(Suppl. 1)):149-53.

Kimura S. [Antihypertensive effect of docosahexaenoic acid in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2000 Jul;120(7):607-19.

Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;34(4):352-8.

Kooistra T, Opdenberg JP, Toet K, et al. Stimulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator synthesis by retinoids in cultured human endothelial cells and rat tissues in vivo. Thromb Haemost. 1991 May 6;65(5):565-72.

Lampl Y, Gilad R, Geva D, et al. Intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate in acute stroke: a randomized double-blind study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001 Jan;24(1):11-5.

Lapchak PA, Chapman DF, Nunez SY, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is neuroprotective in a reversible spinal cord ischemia model: possible involvement of GABA(A) receptors. Stroke. 2000 Aug;31(8):1953-6.

Laperra JMJMJ. Etude Pharmacoccinetique des olitgomeres flavanoliques. Plates Medicinales Et Phytotherapie. 1977.

Leary MC. Incidence of silent stroke in the United States. Paper presented at the International Stroke Conference.2001;February 14-16, 2001.

Lefer AM. Prostacyclin, high density lipoproteins, and myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 1990 Jun;81(6):2013-5.

Lehr HA, Frei B, Olofsson AM, et al. Protection from oxidized LDL-induced leukocyte adhesion to microvascular and macrovascular endothelium in vivo by vitamin C but not by vitamin E. Circulation. 1995 Mar 1;91(5):1525-32.

Leng GC, Taylor GS, Lee AJ, et al. Essential fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: the Edinburgh Artery Study. Vasc Med. 1999;4(4):219-26.

Lindstedt L, Saarinen J, Kalkkinen N, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases-3, -7, and -12, but not -9, reduce high density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol efflux from human macrophage foam cells by truncation of the carboxyl terminus of apolipoprotein A-I. Parallel losses of pre-beta particles and the high affinity component of efflux. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22627-34.

Lip GY. Fibrinogen and cardiovascular disorders. QJM. 1995 Mar;88(3):155-65.

Lotz-Winter H. On the pharmacology of bromelain: an update with special regard to animal studies on dose-dependent effects. Planta Med. 1990 Jun;56(3):249-53.

Ma J, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM, et al. A prospective study of fibrinogen and risk of myocardial infarction in the Physicians' Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Apr;33(5):1347-52.

Marc-Vergnes JP, Bes A, Charlet JP, et al. [Pharmacodynamics of the cerebral circulation. Results of a study on the action of 10 drugs on cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism in cerebrovascular patients]. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1974 Nov;22(9):815-25.

Marzatico F, Gaetani P, Tartara F, et al. Antioxidant status and alpha1-antiproteinase activity in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Life Sci. 1998;63(10):821-6.

McCully KS. Homocysteine and vascular disease. Nat Med. 1996 Apr;2(4):386-9.

McGovern PG, Pankow JS, Shahar E, et al. Recent trends in acute coronary heart disease--mortality, morbidity, medical care, and risk factors. The Minnesota Heart Survey Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996 Apr 4;334(14):884-90.

Menendez R, Fraga V, Amor AM, et al. Oral administration of policosanol inhibits in vitro copper ion-induced rat lipoprotein peroxidation. Physiol Behav. 1999 Aug 1;67(1):1-7.

Mersfelder TL. Phenylpropanolamine and stroke: the study, the FDA ruling, the implications. Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 Mar;68(3):208-9, 223.

Midorikawa S, Sanada H, Hashimoto S, et al. Enhancement by homocysteine of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression and secretion from vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 May 27;272(1):182-5.

Minami M, Kimura S, Endo T, et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid increases cerebral acetylcholine levels and improves passive avoidance performance in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997 Dec;58(4):1123-9.

Miyazaki M, Takemura N, Watanabe S, et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates, but rapeseed oil and safflower oil accelerate renal injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared with soybean oil, which is associated with expression for renal transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and renin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jan 3;1483(1):101-10.

Mouren X, Caillard P, Schwartz F. Study of the antiischemic action of EGb 761 in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease by TcPo2 determination. Angiology. 1994 Jun;45(6):413-7.

Muir KW, Weir CJ, Alwan W, et al. C-reactive protein and outcome after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999 May;30(5):981-5.

Negre-Aminou P. Antiproliferative potencies of 6 vastatins in cultured human cells: involvement of the ras-mediated signalling pathway.1996.

Noa M, de la Rosa MC, Mas R. Effect of policosanol on foam-cell formation in carrageenan-induced granulomas in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Mar;48(3):306-9.

NSA. Symptoms of Stroke.1999.

Nudo RJ, Wise BM, SiFuentes F, et al. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science. 1996 Jun 21;272(5269):1791-4.

Oosthuizen W, Vorster HH, Jerling JC, et al. Both fish oil and olive oil lowered plasma fibrinogen in women with high baseline fibrinogen levels. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Oct;72(4):557-62.

Ozmen D, Boydak B, Mutaf I, et al. The state of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants following thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA and streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J. 1999 May;40(3):267-73.

Packer L, Rimbach G, Virgili F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Sep;27(5-6):704-24.

Panigrahi M, Sadguna Y, Shivakumar BR, et al. alpha-Lipoic acid protects against reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 1996 Apr 22;717(1-2):184-8.

Pantoni L, Bianchi C, Beneke M, et al. The Scandinavian Multi-Infarct Dementia Trial: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on nimodipine in multi-infarct dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2000 Apr 15;175(2):116-23.

Pantoni L, Rossi R, Inzitari D, et al. Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Multi-Infarct Dementia Trial. J Neurol Sci. 2000 Apr 15;175(2):124-34.

Philipp CS, Cisar LA, Saidi P, et al. Effect of niacin supplementation on fibrinogen levels in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Sep 1;82(5):697-9, A9.

Pierre S, Jamme I, Droy-Lefaix MT, et al. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects Na,K-ATPase activity during cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuroreport. 1999 Jan 18;10(1):47-51.

Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Frei B. Plasma vitamin C levels are decreased and correlated with brain damage in patients with intracranial hemorrhage or head trauma. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):898-902.

Prat H, Roman O, Pino E. [Comparative effects of policosanol and two HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on type II hypercholesterolemia]. Rev Med Chil. 1999 Mar;127(3):286-94.

Pyorala M, Miettinen H, Halonen P, et al. Insulin resistance syndrome predicts the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in healthy middle-aged men: the 22-year follow-up results of the Helsinki Policemen Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Feb;20(2):538-44.

Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, Rabkin R. Testosterone therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-positive men with and without hypogonadism. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Feb;19(1):19-27.

Rao AM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. CDP-choline: neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia of gerbils. J Neurosci Res. 1999 Dec 1;58(5):697-705.

Rath M, Niendorf A, Reblin T, et al. Detection and quantification of lipoprotein(a) in the arterial wall of 107 coronary bypass patients. Arteriosclerosis. 1989 Sep;9(5):579-92.

Rath M, Pauling L. Hypothesis: lipoprotein(a) is a surrogate for ascorbate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(16):6204-7.

Rath M, Pauling L. Immunological evidence for the accumulation of lipoprotein(a) in the atherosclerotic lesion of the hypoascorbemic guinea pig. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(23):9388-90.

Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, et al. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:31-62.

Renaud SC. Diet and stroke. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5(3):167-72.

Ricci S, Celani MG, Cantisani TA, et al. Piracetam in acute stroke: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2000 Apr;247(4):263-6.

Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, et al. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation. 1998 Aug 25;98(8):731-3.

Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2001 Apr 3;103(13):1813-8.

Rohdewald P. Pycnogenol®. In Flavonoids in Health and Disease.1998:406.

Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S, Linnane A, et al. Coenzyme Q10 protects the aging heart against stress: studies in rats, human tissues, and patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:355-9.

Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L. Fibrinogen, coronary heart disease and mortality from all causes in smokers and nonsmokers. The study of men born in 1933. J Intern Med. 1996 Jun;239(6):499-507.

Rost NS, Wolf PA, Kase CS, et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: the Framingham study. Stroke. 2001 Nov;32(11):2575-9.

Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 3;335(14):1001-9.

Saletu B, Grunberger J, Anderer R. On brain protection of co-dergocrine mesylate (Hydergine) against hypoxic hypoxidosis of different severity: double-blind placebo-controlled quantitative EEG and psychometric studies. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990 Dec;28(12):510-24.

Saloheimo P, Juvela S, Hillbom M. Use of aspirin, epistaxis, and untreated hypertension as risk factors for primary intracerebral hemorrhage in middle-aged and elderly people. Stroke. 2001 Feb;32(2):399-404.

Sarkar PK, Lambert L. Can lowering homocysteine levels reduce the incidence of stroke? J Clin Pharm Ther. 1999 Oct;24(5):331-8.

Schabitz WR, Weber J, Takano K, et al. The effects of prolonged treatment with citicoline in temporary experimental focal ischemia. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Jun;138(1-2):21-5.

Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Weber B, et al. Testosterone, gonadotropin, and cortisol secretion in male patients with major depression. Psychosom Med. 1999 May;61(3):292-6.

Segal AZ, Chiu RI, Eggleston-Sexton PM, et al. Low cholesterol as a risk factor for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: A case-control study. Neuroepidemiology. 1999;18(4):185-93.

Seidman SN, Walsh BT. Testosterone and depression in aging men. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;7(1):18-33.

Selhub J, D'Angelo A. Relationship between homocysteine and thrombotic disease. Am J Med Sci. 1998 Aug;316(2):129-41.

Shi J, Schulze S, Lardy HA. The effect of 7-oxo-DHEA acetate on memory in young and old C57BL/6 mice. Steroids. 2000 Mar;65(3):124-9.

Shinozaki K, Naritomi H, Shimizu T, et al. Role of insulin resistance associated with compensatory hyperinsulinemia in ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1996 Jan;27(1):37-43.

Shippen E. The Testosterone Syndrome.1998.

Shuaib A, Yang Y, Li Q. Evaluating the efficacy of citicoline in embolic ischemic stroke in rats: neuroprotective effects when used alone or in combination with urokinase. Exp Neurol. 2000 Feb;161(2):733-9.

Siegel G, Walter A, Engel S, et al. [Pleiotropic effects of garlic]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149(8-10):217-24.

Simon JA, Fong J, Bernert JT, Jr., et al. Serum fatty acids and the risk of stroke. Stroke. 1995 May;26(5):778-82.

Sivenius J, Cunha L, Diener HC, et al. Second European Stroke Prevention Study: antiplatelet therapy is effective regardless of age. ESPS2 Working Group. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999 Jan;99(1):54-60.

Spence JD, Howard VJ, Chambless LE, et al. Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) trial: rationale and design. Neuroepidemiology. 2001 Feb;20(1):16-25.

Srivastava KC. Ascorbic acid enhances the formation of prostaglandin E1 in washed human platelets and prostacyclin in rat aortic rings. Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1985 May;18(2):227-33.

Stusser R, Batista J, Padron R, et al. Long-term therapy with policosanol improves treadmill exercise-ECG testing performance of coronary heart disease patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Sep;36(9):469-73.

Stvolinsky S, Kukley M, Dobrota D, et al. Carnosine protects rats under global ischemia. Brain Res Bull. 2000 Nov 1;53(4):445-8.

Subhan Z, Hindmarch I. Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;28(5):567-71.

Suslina ZA, Federova TN, Maksimova MI, et al. [Antioxidant therapy in ischemic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2000;100(10):34-8.

Suter PM. The effects of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber on risk of stroke. Nutr Rev. 1999 Mar;57(3):84-8.

Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, et al. Melatonin protects hippocampal neurons in vivo against kainic acid-induced damage in mice. J Neurosci Res. 1998 Nov 1;54(3):382-9.

Tazaki Y, Sakai F, Otomo E, et al. Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor in a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. Stroke. 1988 Feb;19(2):211-6.

Thebaut JFTPVF. Study of Endotelon in functional manifestations of peripheral venous insufficiency. Gaz Med. 1985.

Toivanen JL. Effects of selenium, vitamin E and vitamin C on human prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1987 Mar;26(3):265-80.

Trombley PQ, Horning MS, Blakemore LJ. Interactions between carnosine and zinc and copper: implications for neuromodulation and neuroprotection. Biochemistry (Mosc ). 2000 Jul;65(7):807-16.

Trouillas P, Nighoghossian N, Derex L, et al. Thrombolysis with intravenous rtPA in a series of 100 cases of acute carotid territory stroke: determination of etiological, topographic, and radiological outcome factors. Stroke. 1998 Dec;29(12):2529-40.

Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Neuroprotective properties of statins in cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke. 1999 Sep;30(9):1969-73.

Vaughan CJ, Delanty N, Basson CT. Do statins afford neuroprotection in patients with cerebral ischaemia and stroke? CNS Drugs. 2001;15(8):589-96.

Vaughan CJ, Delanty N, Basson CT. Statin therapy and stroke prevention. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2001 Jul;16(4):219-24.

Virtamo J, Valkeila E, Alfthan G, et al. Serum selenium and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Aug;122(2):276-82.

Welch KM, Cao Y, Nagesh V. Magnetic resonance assessment of acute and chronic stroke. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2000 Sep;43(2):113-34.

Wilhelmsen L, Svardsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1984 Aug 23;311(8):501-5.

Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Thiran JP, et al. Prognostic accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by perfusion computed tomography, at the time of emergency room admission, in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol. 2002 Apr;51(4):417-32.

Winters SJ. Current status of testosterone replacement therapy in men. Arch Fam Med. 1999 May;8(3):257-63.

Wolz P, Krieglstein J. Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid and its enantiomers demonstrated in rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia. Neuropharmacology. 1996 Mar;35(3):369-75.

Wong KS, Mok V, Lam WW, et al. Aspirin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: clinical and radiologic features. Neurology. 2000 Jun 27;54(12):2298-301.

Wright JVLLWJ. Maximize Your Vitality and Potency: For Men Over 40.1998;1998 Nov.

Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Pregnenolone sulfate: a positive allosteric modulator at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Sep;40(3):333-6.

Xu XP, Meisel SR, Ong JM, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation. 1999 Mar 2;99(8):993-8.

Yang Y, Li Q, Ahmad F, et al. Survival and histological evaluation of therapeutic window of post-ischemia treatment with magnesium sulfate in embolic stroke model of rat. Neurosci Lett. 2000 May 12;285(2):119-22.

Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, et al. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. The Shibata study. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2287-94.

Zhang F, Iadecola C. Temporal characteristics of the protective effect of aminoguanidine on cerebral ischemic damage. Brain Res. 1998 Aug 17;802(1-2):104-10.

Zhang WR, Hayashi T, Kitagawa H, et al. Protective effect of ginkgo extract on rat brain with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurol Res. 2000 Jul;22(5):517-21.

Zhu J, Nieto FJ, Horne BD, et al. Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death. Circulation. 2001 Jan 2;103(1):45-51.


Sign up for Life Extension's FREE Update Related Articles Abstracts
Magazine

Magazine
Cognitex

Home | Membership | Products | Magazine | Health Concerns | News | About Us | Legal Notices | Privacy Policy | Site Map

Products: Anti-Aging | Bone & Joint Support | Cardiovascular Health | Hormones | Mood, Stress & Well Being | Prostate Health | Vitamins | Weight Management
Health Concerns: Hormones (Female) | Hormones (Male) | Cholesterol | Arthritis | Blood Pressure | Diabetes | Osteoporosis | Prostate Cancer | Thyroid | Depression

All Contents Copyright © 1995-2008 Life Extension Foundation All rights reserved.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. You should not stop taking any medication without first consulting your physician.